tm

See also: TM, Tm, .tm, t/m, and ™

Chinese

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tāmā

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄚ ㄇㄚ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tāmā
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄚ ㄇㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tama
    • Wade–Giles: tʻa¹-ma¹
    • Yale: tā-mā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tamha
    • Palladius: тама (tama)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰä⁵⁵ mä⁵⁵/

Phrase

tm

1. Initialism of 他媽／他妈 (tāmā).

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Egyptian

Etymology

Compare with Hebrew תַּם (tam, “to be complete, finished”), Arabic تمام (tamām, “complete; completeness”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /tɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: tem

For the proper noun:

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /jaˈtaːmuw/ → /jaˈtaːmuw/ → /ʔaˈtaːməʔ/ → /ʔaˈtoːm/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈtaːmuw/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈtaːmuw/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaˈtaːməʔ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaˈtoːm/

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be complete
2. (transitive) to complete, to finish
3. (catenative, with a verb in the negatival complement) to not do, to not be

Inflection

Conjugation of tm (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: tm, geminated stem: tmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
tm	tmw, tm	tmt	tm, j.tm	tm, j.tm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
tm	ḥr tm	m tm	r tm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	tm.n	tmw, tm	consecutive	tm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	tmt
perfective3	tm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	tm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	tm, j.tm1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	tm	tmm	potentialis1	tm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	tm, j.tm1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	tm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	tm	active + .tj1, .tw2	tm	tmm, tmmj6, tm2, tmw2 5, tmy2 5
imperfective	j.tm1, tm, tmy, tmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.tm1, j.tmw1 5, tm, tmj6, tmy6	tm, tmw5
prospective	tm, tmtj7	—	tmtj4, tmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tm  

tm	tm	tm
	in the sense ‘not be, not do’

Derived terms

• tꜣ-tmw

Noun

 m

1. everything, totality, completion

Inflection

Declension of tm (masculine)

singular	tm
dual	tmwj
plural	tmw

Derived terms

• nb-tm

 

Proper noun

 m

1. the god Atum

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tm  

tm	jtm	tmw	jtm
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Late Period]

Based on the forms jtm and tmw, some authors interpret the god’s name as jtmw, a noun of action derived from the verb tm (“to finish, complete”), thus literally meaning ‘the finisher’; however, the most common writings of the name only explicitly show the consonants tm.

Derived terms

• pr-tm

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 147, 174, 220.