Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/verti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wérˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *werH-, a Balto-Slavic-specific root extension of *h₂wer-.

Baltic cognates include Lithuanian vérti (“to pierce, string”) (1sg. veriù, 1sg. past vė́riau), atvérti (“to open”) (1sg. àtveriu), užvérti (“to close”) (1sg. ùžveriu), Latvian vē̃rt (“to open, close”) (1sg. veŗu, 1sg. past vẽru).

Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit अपिवृणोति (apivṛṇoti, “to close, cover”), Latin aperiō (“to open, to uncover”) < *ap-wer-, operiō (“to close”) < *op-wer-, Oscan veru (“door”, pl.), Ancient Greek ἀείρω (aeírō, “to lift, raise”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (warjan, “to forbid, to block”), Middle High German wer (“protection”).

Verb

*vèrti

1. to shove, to thrust, to push into

   Synonyms: *pьxati, *sovati

2. to curve

Alternative forms

• *vьrati (reanalyzed based on the present tense stem)

Inflection

Conjugation of *verti, *ver, *vьretь (impf., -C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*vьrtьje	*verti	*vertъ	*vьrlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*vьrtъ	*vьromъ
Active	*vьrъ	*vьry

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*verxъ	*ver	*ver	*vьrǫ	*vьreši	*vьretь
Dual	*verxově	*versta	*verste	*vьrevě	*vьreta	*vьrete
Plural	*verxomъ	*verste	*veršę	*vьremъ	*vьrete	*vьrǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*vьrěaxъ	*vьrěaše	*vьrěaše	—	*vьri	*vьri
Dual	*vьrěaxově	*vьrěašeta	*vьrěašete	*vьrěvě	*vьrěta	—
Plural	*vьrěaxomъ	*vьrěašete	*vьrěaxǫ	*vьrěmъ	*vьrěte	—

Notes:
• (*)*vьrenъ is doublet of past passive participle

• Intensive derivative: *-virati

Derived terms

• *zaverti (“to enclose, to lock”)
• *otъverti (“to open”)
• *vъverti (“to intrude”)
• *naverti (“to infix”)
• *sъverti (“to set up, to butt”)
• *proverti (“to shove through”)
• *jьzverti (“to spring out”)
• *vьrěti (“to boil, to brew”)
• *vьrtěti (“to rotate”)
• *-vorъ (“switch, turn”)
  • *ob(v)orъ (“barn”)
  • *otъvorъ (“opening”)
  • *zatvorъ (“closure, prison”) (reanalyzed)
  • *jьzvorъ (“spring”)
• *vortъ (“neck”)
• *vorta (“door”)
• *vьrvь (“string, thread”)
  • *vьrvьca (“cord, string”)
• *vьrtь (“garden, fencing”)
• *verteno (“spindle”)
• *ver(t)mę (“time”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Russian: вере́ть (verétʹ) (obsolete)
    • ⇒ Russian: вера́ть (verátʹ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: въврѣти (vŭvrěti)
    • ⇒ Romanian: vârî
  • Bulgarian: вра́ (vrá)
• West Slavic:
  • Polish: wrzeć (obsolete)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “вера́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “вра”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 177