Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/aleti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from the root *h₂el-.

Verb

*aleti

1. to nourish, grow

Inflection

In Goidelic, the expected future stem was replaced by that of *ɸalnati (“to drive”). This is traditionally explained as an analogy with *ɸarnati (“to grant”).

Thematic present, t-preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*alū	*alemam	*īlāsū	*alam
2nd singular	*alesi	*aletās	*īlāsesi	*als
3rd singular	*aleti	*aleto	*īlāseti	*alt
1st plural	*alomosi	*alemo	*īlāsomosi	*alme
2nd plural	*aletesi	*alestē	*īlāsetesi	*alte
3rd plural	*alonti	*alento	*īlāsonti	*alant
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*alasū	?	—
2nd singular	*alasesi	?	*ale
3rd singular	*alaseti	?	*aletou
1st plural	*alasomosi	?	*alomos
2nd plural	*alasetesi	?	*alete
3rd plural	*alasonti	?	*alontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*alūr	—	*īlāsūr	?
2nd singular	*aletar	—	*īlāsetar	?
3rd singular	*aletor	?	*īlāsetor	?
1st plural	*alommor	—	*īlāsommor	?
2nd plural	*aledwe	—	*īlāsedwe	?
3rd plural	*alontor	?	*īlāsontor	*alanto
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*alasūr	—	—
2nd singular	*alasetar	—	—
3rd singular	*alasetor	—	—
1st plural	*alasommor	—	—
2nd plural	*alasedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*alasontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*alonts	*alonte	*alontes
vocative	*alonts	*alonte	*alontes
accusative	*alontam	*alonte	*alontans
genitive	*alantos	*?	*alantom
dative	*alantei	*alantbom	*alantbos
instrumental	*alantī?	*alantbim	*alantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*alantī	*alantī	*alantiyās
vocative	*alantī	*alantī	*alantiyās
accusative	*alantīm	*alantī	*alantiyans
genitive	*alantyās	*?	*alantyom
dative	*alantyāi	*alantyābom	*alantyābos
instrumental	*?	*alantyābim	*alantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*alont	*?	*alonta
vocative	*alont	*?	*alonta
accusative	*alont	*?	*alonta
genitive	*alantos	*?	*alantom
dative	*alantei	*?	*alantbos
instrumental	*alantī?	*?	*alantbis

Declension of the middle participle

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*alomnos	*alomnou	*alomnoi
vocative	*alomne	*alomnou	*alomnoi
accusative	*alomnom	*alomnou	*alomnons
genitive	*alomnī	*alomnous	*alomnom
dative	*alomnūi	*alomnobom	*alomnobos
instrumental	*alomnū	*alomnobim	*alomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*alomnā	*alomnai	*alomnās
vocative	*alomnā	*alomnai	*alomnās
accusative	*alomnam	*alomnai	*alomnans
genitive	*alomnās	*alomnous	*alomnom
dative	*alomnai	*alomnābom	*alomnābos
instrumental	*?	*alomnābim	*alomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*alomnom	*alomnou	*alomnā
vocative	*alomnom	*alomnou	*alomnā
accusative	*alomnom	*alomnou	*alomnā
genitive	*alomnī	*alomnous	*alomnom
dative	*alomnūi	*alomnobom	*alomnobos
instrumental	*alomnū	*alomnobim	*alomnobis

Declension of the past participle

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*altos	*altou	*altoi
vocative	*alte	*altou	*altoi
accusative	*altom	*altou	*altons
genitive	*altī	*altous	*altom
dative	*altūi	*altobom	*altobos
instrumental	*altū	*altobim	*altobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*altā	*altai	*altās
vocative	*altā	*altai	*altās
accusative	*altam	*altai	*altans
genitive	*altās	*altous	*altom
dative	*altai	*altābom	*altābos
instrumental	*?	*altābim	*altābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*altom	*altou	*altā
vocative	*altom	*altou	*altā
accusative	*altom	*altou	*altā
genitive	*altī	*altous	*altom
dative	*altūi	*altobom	*altobos
instrumental	*altū	*altobim	*altobis

Derived terms

• *komaltyos

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *alɨd
  • Middle Breton: halaff
    • Breton: halañ
  • Middle Welsh: alu, alho (3sg.pres.subj.)
    • Welsh: alu
• Old Irish: ailid, ·ail
  • Irish: oil

References

• Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*al-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 30
• Celtic Lexicon - University of Wales