Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/to-

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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

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Alternative reconstructions

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  • *tu-

Etymology

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Unknown. Dunkel gives two suggestions, either Proto-Indo-European *tó (“to, towards”), but there are no clear cognates,[1] or PIE *tó (“then”), compare Hittite 𒋫 (ta-, “then”, connective particle).[2] Matasović's derivation from PIE *tó- (pronoun)[3] is plausible neither semantically nor morphologically, because the stem *tó- was otherwise completely replaced by *só- in Celtic.[4]

Prefix

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*to-

  1. to, towards

Descendants

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  • Brythonic:
    • Old Breton: to-
    • Cornish: de-
    • Old Welsh: di-
  • Old Irish: to-, do-, do-
    • Middle Irish: do-

Derived terms

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Proto-Celtic terms prefixed with *to-

References

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  1. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 1: Einleitung, Terminologie, Lautgesetze, Adverbialendungen, Nominalsuffixe, Anhänge und Indices, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 772
  2. ^ ibid., page 775
  3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*to-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 381
  4. ^ Peter Schrijver (1997) Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles (Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics; II), Maynooth: The Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, →ISBN, page 14
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