Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bugjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Orel derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend; curve, arch”), with semantic shift "to bend" > "to take away, deliver" > "to deal, buy" comparable to that seen in Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō, “to turn, move”) > πωλέω (pōléō, “to sell”). Kroonen is skeptical of the proposed semantics, and leaves the origin open.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbuɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bugjaną

1. to deal; do business; exchange
2. to purchase; buy
3. to accept

Synonyms

• *kaupijaną, *kaupōną, *wihslōną

Inflection

Conjugation of *bugjaną (weak class 1 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*bugjō	*bugjaų	—	*bugjai	?
2nd singular	*bugisi	*bugjais	*bugi	*bugjasai	*bugjaisau
3rd singular	*bugiþi	*bugjai	*bugjaþau	*bugjaþai	*bugjaiþau
1st dual	*bugjōs	*bugjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*bugjaþiz	*bugjaiþiz	*bugjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*bugjamaz	*bugjaim	—	*bugjanþai	*bugjainþau
2nd plural	*bugiþ	*bugjaiþ	*bugiþ	*bugjanþai	*bugjainþau
3rd plural	*bugjanþi	*bugjain	*bugjanþau	*bugjanþai	*bugjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*buhtǭ	*buhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*buhtēz	*buhtēdīz
3rd singular	*buhtē	*buhtēdī
1st dual	*buhtēdū	*buhtēdīw
2nd dual	*buhtēdudiz	*buhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*buhtēdum	*buhtēdīm
2nd plural	*buhtēdud	*buhtēdīd
3rd plural	*buhtēdun	*buhtēdīn
	present	past
participles	*bugjandz	*bugidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *buggjan
  • Old English: byċġan, biċġan
    • Middle English: byen, bien, biggen, buggen
      • English: buy
      • Scots: by
      • Yola: bidge
  • Old Saxon: buggian, buggean
  • Old High German: *buggen
    • ⇒ Old High German: bugidi
    • ⇒ Old High German: bugihaft
• Old Norse: byggja (“to marry; to rent out (land, a farm, etc.)”)
  • Faroese: byggja
  • Icelandic: byggja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: byggje (“to rent out; to hire (servants, workers)”)
  • Old Swedish: byggia (“to rent”)
• Gothic: 𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bugjan)