Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galaną

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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

*galaną[1][2][3]

  1. to shout, yell
  2. to charm, sing

Inflection[edit]

Conjugation of *galaną (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *galō *galaų — *galai ?
2nd singular *galizi *galaiz *gal *galazai *galaizau
3rd singular *galidi *galai *galadau *galadai *galaidau
1st dual *galōz *galaiw — — —
2nd dual *galadiz *galaidiz *galadiz — —
1st plural *galamaz *galaim — *galandai *galaindau
2nd plural *galid *galaid *galid *galandai *galaindau
3rd plural *galandi *galain *galandau *galandai *galaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gōl *gōlį̄
2nd singular *gōlt *gōlīz
3rd singular *gōl *gōlī
1st dual *gōlū *gōlīw
2nd dual *gōludiz *gōlīdiz
1st plural *gōlum *gōlīm
2nd plural *gōlud *gōlīd
3rd plural *gōlun *gōlīn
present past
participles *galandz *galanaz

Derived terms[edit]

Related terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Proto-West Germanic: *galan
    • Old English: galan
      • Middle English: galen
    • Old Saxon: galan
    • Old Dutch: *galan
    • Old High German: galan, kalan
      • >? Middle High German: golen, goln
      • ⇒ Middle High German: begalen
      • ⇒? Old High German: galt (“(of cows) not milch, infertile”, past participle) (from the belief that sterile or un-milch cows are bewitched)
        • Middle High German: galt
          • Alemannic German: galt (“(of cows) not milch”)
            Swabian: gall (“(of sheep) not pregnant”)
          • Bavarian:
            Carinthian: galt (“(of cows) infertile or pregnant (therefore not milch)”)
            Cimbrian: galt (“(of cows) not milch; (of cows and human women) infertile”)
            ⇒? Tyrolean: galt (“unfarmed land”)
          • >? German: gelt (“(of non-human animals) infertile”)
          • ⇒ Middle High German: galte (“one-year-old calf”)
            • Alemannic German: Galti (“two-year-old cow that has not yet become pregnant”)
  • Old Norse: gala

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*galan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164
  2. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒalanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 123
  3. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “GAL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 212
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