Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harduz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from a Schwebeablaut o-grade formation of *kret- (“strong, powerful”), and compared with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong”), Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “strength, power, dominion”). Kroonen appears skeptical enough, however, to espouse an alternative derivation from Strunk and Heidermanns from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), comparing Lithuanian kartùs (“bitter”) and Proto-Slavic *kortъ̀kъ (“short”) (though he is not skeptical enough to offer this latter theory as the main etymology).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑr.ðuz/

Adjective

*harduz (comparative *hardizô, superlative *hardistaz)

1. hard
2. brave

Inflection

Declension of *harduz (u-stem)

Strong declension
	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*harduz	*hardī	*hardų, *-jatō		*hardijai	*hardijôz	*hardijō
accusative	*hardijanǭ	*hardijǭ	*hardų, *-jatō		*hardijanz	*hardijōz	*hardijō
genitive	*hardijas, *hardīs	*hardijaizōz	*hardijas, *hardīs		*hardijaizǫ̂	*hardijaizǫ̂	*hardijaizǫ̂
dative	*hardijammai	*hardijaizōi	*hardijammai		*hardijaimaz	*hardijaimaz	*hardijaimaz
instrumental	*hardijanō	*hardijaizō	*hardijanō		*hardijaimiz	*hardijaimiz	*hardijaimiz
Weak declension
	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*hardijô	*hardijǭ	*hardijô		*hardijaniz	*hardijōniz	*hardijōnō
accusative	*hardijanų	*hardijōnų	*hardijô		*hardijanunz	*hardijōnunz	*hardijōnō
genitive	*hardīniz	*hardijōniz	*hardīniz		*hardijanǫ̂	*hardijōnǫ̂	*hardijanǫ̂
dative	*hardīni	*hardijōni	*hardīni		*hardijammaz	*hardijōmaz	*hardijammaz
instrumental	*hardīnē	*hardijōnē	*hardīnē		*hardijammiz	*hardijōmiz	*hardijammiz

Derived terms

• *Agjōharduz
• *Bernuharduz
• *hardijaną
• *harduhertaz
• *hardulīkaz
• *hardį̄
• *Raginaharduz
• *Rīkaharduz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hard(ī)
  • Old English: heard
    • Middle English: hard
      • English: hard
        • → Finnish: haarti
        • → Spanish: hard
      • Scots: hard, haird
  • Old Frisian: herde, herd
    • Saterland Frisian: hart
    • West Frisian: hurd
  • Old Saxon: hard
    • Middle Low German: hart, hārde
      • Low German: hard, hart
  • Old Dutch: hart
    • Middle Dutch: hart, hert
      • Dutch: hard
        • Jersey Dutch: hārd
        • Negerhollands: hart
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt
  • Old High German: hart
    • Middle High German: hart, herte
      • Alemannic German: hert

        Swabian: hirrt

      • Bavarian: hoat
      • Central Franconian: haat
      • German: hart
      • Luxembourgish: haart
      • Yiddish: האַרט (hart)
• Old Norse: harðr
  • Icelandic: harður
  • Faroese: harður
  • Norwegian: hard; (dialectal) hard’u, hard’e
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: hard
  • Old Swedish: harþer
    • Swedish: hård
  • Danish: hård
    • Norwegian Bokmål: hård (obsolete)
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus)
• → Proto-Finnic: *hardas (see there for further descendants)