Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stūpaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Related to *staupaz (“steep”) and *staupijaną (“to pour”), thus seeming to reflect a pre-Germanic root *stewb-. However, the rarity of *b in Proto-Indo-European and cognates such as Latin stupeō (“to be stunned”) make it more likely that the root was *stewp- (“to push, hit, knock”) with a semantic shift to “fall (over)”, and so Germanic *steup-, *stūp- could have been back-formed from earlier *stupp-, from pre-Germanic *stup-né(h₂)-; this process has been used to explain many other instances of root-final *p in Germanic. Compare also Proto-Germanic *stubbô, *stubbaz (“stump, stub”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstuː.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stūpaną

1. to stoop
2. to fall down, swoop down

Inflection

Conjugation of *stūpaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stūpō	*stūpaų	—	*stūpai	?
2nd singular	*stūpizi	*stūpaiz	*stūp	*stūpazai	*stūpaizau
3rd singular	*stūpidi	*stūpai	*stūpadau	*stūpadai	*stūpaidau
1st dual	*stūpōz	*stūpaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*stūpadiz	*stūpaidiz	*stūpadiz	—	—
1st plural	*stūpamaz	*stūpaim	—	*stūpandai	*stūpaindau
2nd plural	*stūpid	*stūpaid	*stūpid	*stūpandai	*stūpaindau
3rd plural	*stūpandi	*stūpain	*stūpandau	*stūpandai	*stūpaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*staup	*stupį̄
2nd singular	*stauft	*stupīz
3rd singular	*staup	*stupī
1st dual	*stupū	*stupīw
2nd dual	*stupudiz	*stupīdiz
1st plural	*stupum	*stupīm
2nd plural	*stupud	*stupīd
3rd plural	*stupun	*stupīn
	present	past
participles	*stūpandz	*stupanaz

Related terms

• *stūpāną
• *stūpōną

Derived terms

• *staupijaną (“to make fall”)

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *stūpan
  • Old Dutch: *stūpan
    • Middle Dutch: stupen
      • Dutch: stuipen
• Old Norse: stúpa
  • Icelandic: stúpa
  • Norwegian:

    Bokmål: stupe

    Nynorsk: stupa, stupe

  • Swedish: stupa