Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sturnāną

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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic[edit]

Alternative reconstructions[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kroonen suggests that this verb could be nasal infix present to Proto-Indo-European *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”).[2] The infix caused a consonant alternation in the root, the singular *str-néh₁-ti would result in a root with *sturr-. Whereas the plural *str-nh₁-énti would result in a root with *sturn-.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈstur.nɑː.nɑ̃/

Verb[edit]

*sturnāną[2]

  1. to be stiff, be rigid
  2. to stand out
  3. to stare

Inflection[edit]

The paradigm consisted of two stem variants, *sturr- against *sturn-.

Conjugation of *sturnāną (weak class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *sturnō ? — ? ?
2nd singular *sturnaisi ? *sturnai *sturnāsai ?
3rd singular *sturnaiþi ? *sturnāþau *sturnāþai ?
1st dual *sturnōs ? — — —
2nd dual *sturnāþiz ? *sturnāþiz — —
1st plural *sturnāmaz ? — *sturnānþai ?
2nd plural *sturnaiþ ? *sturnaiþ *sturnānþai ?
3rd plural *sturnānþi ? *sturnānþau *sturnānþai ?
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *sturnadǭ *sturnadēdį̄
2nd singular *sturnadēz *sturnadēdīz
3rd singular *sturnadē *sturnadēdī
1st dual *sturnadēdū *sturnadēdīw
2nd dual *sturnadēdudiz *sturnadēdīdiz
1st plural *sturnadēdum *sturnadēdīm
2nd plural *sturnadēdud *sturnadēdīd
3rd plural *sturnadēdun *sturnadēdīn
present past
participles *sturnāndz *sturnadaz
Conjugation of *sturrāną (weak class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *sturrō ? — ? ?
2nd singular *sturraisi ? *sturrai *sturrāsai ?
3rd singular *sturraiþi ? *sturrāþau *sturrāþai ?
1st dual *sturrōs ? — — —
2nd dual *sturrāþiz ? *sturrāþiz — —
1st plural *sturrāmaz ? — *sturrānþai ?
2nd plural *sturraiþ ? *sturraiþ *sturrānþai ?
3rd plural *sturrānþi ? *sturrānþau *sturrānþai ?
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *sturradǭ *sturradēdį̄
2nd singular *sturradēz *sturradēdīz
3rd singular *sturradē *sturradēdī
1st dual *sturradēdū *sturradēdīw
2nd dual *sturradēdudiz *sturradēdīdiz
1st plural *sturradēdum *sturradēdīm
2nd plural *sturradēdud *sturradēdīd
3rd plural *sturradēdun *sturradēdīn
present past
participles *sturrāndz *sturradaz

Related terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*sturrēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 384
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sturnēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 488
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