Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/walhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From earlier *wólkos, from the name of a Celtic tribe, the Volcae. Historically the tribe's name has been linked to an animal, possibly Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“hawk”), or alternatively (but less likely) Proto-Celtic *ulkʷos (“wolf”), in turn from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos, as Caesar described the Celts having fought with huge dogs.

For the first possibility, cf. the personal name Gaulish Catuvolcus and Welsh cadwalch (“hero, champion, warrior”, literally “battle-hawk”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑl.xɑz/

Noun

*walhaz m

1. a foreigner, a non-Germanic, specifically

   Coordinate term: *winidaz

   1. (early) a Celt, a Celtic-speaker
   2. (later) a Roman, a speaker of Latin (or Romance)

Usage notes

• The etymology suggests that this word originally referred to Celts, even though in most attested languages its sense is consistently “Roman, Latin-speaker”. This semantic shift is unsurprising as the continental Celts were being assimilated (politically, linguistically and culturally) to the Roman Empire during Proto-Germanic times. Note, however, that the Old English descendant was again applied (mostly) to (insular) Celts, since Rome failed to assimilate them allowing their culture to exist, thus the lack of the shift.

Inflection

Declension of *walhaz (masculine a-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*walhaz	*walhōz, *walhōs
vocative	*walh	*walhōz, *walhōs
accusative	*walhą	*walhanz
genitive	*walhas, *walhis	*walhǫ̂
dative	*walhai	*walhamaz
instrumental	*walhō	*walhamiz

Derived terms

• *walhiskaz
• *walhahnuts

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *walh
  • Old English: wealh
    • Middle English: wælh, wale
    • → English: wealh (learned)
    • → Medieval Latin: wallus
    • ⇒ Old English: Cornwēalas (“Cornwall”)
      • Middle English: Cornwale, Cornwaile
        • English: Cornwall
    • ⇒ Old English: Wēalas (“Wales”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale
    • Middle Dutch: wāle
      • Dutch: Waal
  • Old High German: walh, walah
    • Middle High German: walch
      • German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)
  • → Vulgar Latin: *Wallō
    • Walloon: walon, Walon
      • → French: wallon, Wallon
        • → English: Walloon
  • →? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ
    • → English: Vlach, Wallachia
• Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᛉ (*walhaʀ)
  • Old Norse: valr sg, valir pl
    • Icelandic: valur sg, valir pl
    • ⇒ Old Norse: val-
      • Faroese: val-
      • Icelandic: val-
      • Old Swedish: val sg, valar pl
  • ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē, “gold”, dat.sg., literally “Roman grain”)
• Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (*walhs)
  • →? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ (“Roman; Romance speaker”)
    • → English: Vlach, Wallachia