Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/watōr

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From pre-Proto-Germanic *wódōr ~ *wodén(o)s,^[1] from Proto-Indo-European *wédōr, the collective of *wódr̥ ~ *udéns (“water”); e-grade *wed- was replaced with o-grade *wod- by leveling.^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwɑ.tɔːr/

Noun

*watōr n

water

Inflection

The original heteroclitic alternation of r/n was preserved. The plural forms preserve the zero-grade forms of the suffix, and are like those of a neuter a-stem noun.

Declension of *watōr (heteroclitic, irregular)
	singular	plural
nominative	*watōr	*watnō
vocative	*watōr	*watnō
accusative	*watōr	*watnō
genitive	*watiniz	*watnǫ̂
dative	*watini	*watnamaz
instrumental	*watinē	*watnamiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *watar
- Old English: wæter
  - Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
    - English: water (see there for further descendants)
    - Geordie: watter, wetter
    - Scots: watter
    - Yola: waudher, wadher
- Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: weeder
    Goesharde: waar, wåår
    Halligen: woor
    Heligoland: weeter
    Mooring: wååder
    Sylt: Weeter
    Wiedingharde: woar
  - Saterland Frisian: Woater
  - West Frisian: wetter
- Old Saxon: watar
  - Middle Low German: wāter
    - Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
    - German Low German: Water
    - Plautdietsch: Wota
- Old Dutch: watar, water, watir
  - Middle Dutch: wāter
    - Dutch: water
      - Afrikaans: water
      - Javindo: water
      - Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
      - Petjo: watter
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: water
      - →? Sranan Tongo: watra (see there for further descendants)
    - Limburgish: water
    - West Flemish: woater
- Old High German: waȥȥar, waȥar, waȥȥer, wasȥer
  - Middle High German: waȥȥer
    - Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
      Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
      Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
    - Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
      Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
      Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
      Mòcheno: bòsser
      Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
    - Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
      - Hunsrik: Wasser
      - Luxembourgish: Waasser
      - Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser, Wosser (Sibiu), Wauesser (Brașov)
    - East Central German:
      Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
      Upper Saxon German: Wassor
    - German: Wasser
      - Unserdeutsch: Wasser
    - Rhine Franconian: Wasser
      Hessian: Wassä
      Pennsylvania German: Wasser
    - Vilamovian: wosser, woser
    - Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)
Old Norse: vatn, (archaic) vatr
- Icelandic: vatn
- Faroese: vatn
- Norn: vatn
- Norwegian Nynorsk: vatn, vats-, vass- (e.g. in vassbasert)
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: vatn, vass-
- Elfdalian: wattn
- Old Swedish: vatn, vatu-
  - Swedish: vatten, vattu- (e.g. in Vattumannen)
- Old Danish: watn, wan, wand
  - Danish: vand
    - Norwegian Bokmål: vann
- Scanian: vann
- Gutnish: vattn
Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*watar- ~ *watan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 575-6
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 276