Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)tewd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

Root

*(s)tewd-

1. to push, to hit

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)tewd-‎ (9 c, 0 e)

• *stud-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)
  • Proto-Italic: *studēō
    • Latin: studeō
• *tud-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *tudeti
    • Old Irish: do·tuit
      • Middle Irish: do·fuit, ·tuit
        • Irish: tuit, tit
        • Manx: tuitt
        • Scottish Gaelic: tuit
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tudáti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tudáti
      • Sanskrit: तुदति (tudáti)
• *tu-né-d-ti ~ *tu-n-d-énti (nasal infix present)
  • ⇒ *(s)tund-tó-s
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Albanian: tund
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: թնդամ (tʻndam)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tundáti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tundáti
      • Sanskrit: तुण्डते (tundáte)
    • Proto-Iranian: *tundáti (“to act violently”)
      • Middle Persian: (“sharp, violent”)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)

        Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫇𐫗𐫅 (twnd /⁠tund⁠/)

        • Persian: تند (tond)
          • → Armenian: թունդ (tʻund)
          • → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܬܘܢܕ (tund)
          • → Azerbaijani: tünd
          • → Khalaj: tund
          • → Kyrgyz: түнт (tünt)
          • → Ottoman Turkish: تند (tund, tünd)
      • Kurdish:

        Central Kurdish: توند (tund)

        Northern Kurdish: tund

    • Zazaki: tun
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: tundō
• *stówd-e-ti (o-grade intensive)
  • Proto-Germanic: *stautaną (see there for further descendants)
• *(s)te-(s)tówd-e ~ *(s)te-(s)tud-ḗr (stative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutáwda
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tutáwda
      • Sanskrit: तुतोद (tutóda)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: tutudī
• *towd-ó-s (“driver”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawdás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawdás
      • Sanskrit: तोद (todá)
• *téwd-ti-s ~ *tud-téy-s
  • Italic:
    • Latin: tussis
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *stūdnja
    • Albanian: shtyj
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: Τυδεύς (Tudeús), Τυνδάρεος (Tundáreos)
  • Italic:
    • Latin: tudes, tuditō, studium

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(s)teu-d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1033-1034
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *(s)teu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 601