Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Root

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*bʰerH-[1]

  2. to pierce
  3. to strike

Extensions

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  • *bʰer-dʰ-
    • Proto-Hellenic:

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (pierce) (7 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)
  • *bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)[note 1]
  • *bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)
    • Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰorH-eh₂yé-ti
  • *bʰer-ano-
  • *bʰorH-ni-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰr̥H-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
      • Old High German: bora
  • *bʰr̥H-o-m
    • Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
      • Old English: bor
      • Old Saxon: *bor
        • Middle Low German: bor
  • Unsorted formations:
Notes
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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan maintains that the root-final laryngeal was vocalized in Latin, against the controversial *CHY > *CY rule of which he makes no mention. To explain Latin feriō, he suggests that the laryngeal was lost prevocalically in other formations and that the new root *bʰer- was back-formed to those.

References

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  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 133–134
  2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “feriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213: “PIt. *fer-je/o-”
  3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “forō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 235–236: “PIt. *foraje/o-”
  4. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

Alternative reconstructions

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Root

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*bʰerH-[3][4]

  2. brown

Notes

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Ringe doubts the existence of this root, stating "an actual PIE word of [the requisite] shape and meaning is not recoverable".[2]

Derived terms

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Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (brown) (2 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés[3] (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”)[2])
    • Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰerH-o-s[4][3]
  • *bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s[5] (possibly)
    • ⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)
      • Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás[7]
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás
        • Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)
          • Ossetian: (“yellow”)
            Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)
            Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)
          • Sogdian: (/⁠βōr⁠/, “blonde”)
            Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)
          • Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)
          • Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)
          • Baluchi: بور (/⁠bōr⁠/, “bay horse”)
          • Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)
          • Middle Persian: (/⁠bōr⁠/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)
            • ⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽾 (bor, “wine”)
            • Classical Persian: بور (bōr /⁠bōr⁠/, “reddish-brown”)
              Dari: بور (bōr /⁠bōr⁠/)
              Iranian Persian: بور (bur /⁠būr⁠/, “blonde, brown”)
              Tajik: бӯр (bür)
            • → Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”)
            • Northern Luri: بۊر (bur, “brown”)
    • ⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”)[1][5][8] (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós[9][10])
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “5. bher-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 136-137
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*beran-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “bėras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
  6. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ƀrūnaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
  7. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*bhrūra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
  8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bebras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 84-85
  9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 265
  10. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bebura-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-58
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