Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰer-^[1]^[2]

to yearn for

Alternative reconstructions

*ǵʰer-^[3]^[4]^[5]
*ǵʰerH-^[6]

Reconstruction notes

The root may be alternatively reconstructed as *ǵʰerH- to explain the lack Brugmann's law lengthening in Sanskrit हरयन्त (harayanta).^[7]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer- (yearn) (26 c, 0 e)

*gʰor-éye-ti (éye-causative)?
- >? Proto-Italic:
  - >? Venetic: 𐌇𐌏𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌏𐌍𐌕𐌄 (horeionte)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - >? Sanskrit: ह॒रय॑ते (haráyate)
*gʰr̥-yé-ti (or *gʰér-ye-ti with full-grade root)
*gʰr̥-t-ós
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰərtós
  - Ancient Greek: χαρτός (khartós)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥tás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: हृत (hṛtá) (the etymology of the root हृ (hṛ, “to take”) is debated)
*gʰr̥-i-t-
- Ancient Greek: χάρις (kháris)
*gʰēr-i-^[8]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձիր (jir)
*gʰr̥-éh₂
- Ancient Greek: χαρά (khará) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰér-mn̥
- Ancient Greek: χάρμα (khárma)
*gʰr̥-meh₂
- Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)
*gʰer-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *gernaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: χράω (khráō)
- Ancient Greek: χρηστός (khrēstós)
- Ancient Greek: χρῄζω (khrēízō)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰárH-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: हर्य् (hary)

Root

*gʰer-

to rub
to stroke
to grind
to remove

Extensions

*gʰrey-
>? *gʰren(H)dʰ-^[9]
*gʰrend-^?
- >? *gʰrónd-ro-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros
    - >? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: graudi̇̀nti (“to move, touch”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: grūst
  - Lithuanian: grūsti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds
  - Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Baltic:
    - Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)
    - → Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grautiz
- Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą
  - Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old English: grūt (“malt mash”)
      - Middle English: growte, grout
        English: grout
    - Old High German:
      - Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)^[10]
    - → Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)
  - Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)
    - Icelandic: grautur
    - Faroese: greytur
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: graut
      - → Norwegian Bokmål: graut
    - Swedish: gröt
    - Danish: grød
      - Norwegian Bokmål: grøt
*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-^[11]
- ⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-
  - ⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)
      - Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)
      - Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)
      - Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə
    - Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws
    - Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /⁠(h)akʰroweʰe⁠/)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)
  - Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)
- Proto-Italic: *grūō
  - Latin: *gruō
    - ⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)

Unsorted formations:

>? Proto-Italic: *grandis
- ⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)
Sanskrit: घर्षति (gharṣati)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer- (rub) (46 c, 0 e)

*gʰer-h₂d-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts
  - >? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)^[10]
*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)^[10]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)
  - >? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)
*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus
  - >? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)^[10]
*gʰér-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə
  - Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)^[10]
*gʰer-m-h₂d-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts
  - >? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)

References

^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2025), “1.*g̑ʰer- → *gʰer-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*gar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 104
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*g̑ʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 176
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “ĝhor(i̯e/o)-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 158
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “har⁽ⁱ⁾”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χαίρω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1606-1607
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 434
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

[1] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2025), “1.*g̑ʰer- → *gʰer-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*gar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 104

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*g̑ʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 176

[4] Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440

[5] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “ĝhor(i̯e/o)-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 158

[6] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “har⁽ⁱ⁾”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χαίρω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1606-1607

[8] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 434

[9] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”

[Beekes-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662

[Derksen-11] Derksen, Rick (2015), “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

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