Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷeh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root

*gʷeh₂- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to step
Synonyms: *gʷem-, *melh₃-
to go
Synonyms: *h₁ey-, *gʷem-, *melh₃-
to stand

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷeh₂- (23 c, 0 e)

*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (athematic root aorist)
*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Armenian:^[3]
  - Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
    - Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi
  - Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi),^[4] βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti
    - Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)
*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasĭ, Epic 3pl.), βέβηκᾰ (bébēkă) (reformed as k-perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt, 3sg.perf.opt.) (possibly a secondary formation)
*gʷh₂-ye-ti^[5]
- Proto-Celtic: *bayeti
  - Old Irish: baïd
*gʷh₂-tós
- Proto-Celtic: *batos^[6]
  - Old Irish: at·bath
  - Old Irish: bath (“death”)
  - Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)
*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s
*gʷoh₂-mós
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós
  - Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)
*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s
- Proto-Armenian:^[3]
  - Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
    - Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: կամն (kamn, “threshing sledge”)
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)
- Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)
- Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)
- Ancient Greek: *ἀμφισβήτης (*amphisbḗtēs), *ἀμφισβάτης (*amphisbátēs)^[7] (contains -βάτης (-bátēs))
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἀμφισβητέω (amphisbētéō), ἀμφισβατέω (amphisbatéō)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas
- Proto-Slavic: *gazъ^[8] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: जगत् (jágat)
  - Sanskrit: गा (gā, “going”) (as in स्वस्तिगा (svastigā́))
  - Sanskrit: ग (ga) (as in सुग (sugá))

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “g^u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 463-464
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯eh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 205
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 249-250
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “βαίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bā-, *ba-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀμφισβητέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 95-96
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gazъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 113

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “g^u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 463-464

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯eh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 205

[Martirosyan-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 249-250

[Beekes-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “βαίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192

[5] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bā-, *ba-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 52

[6] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 59

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀμφισβητέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 95-96

[8] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gazъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 113

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