Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kagʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

According to Pronk, likely from a substrate language,^[1] but he says this in doubt that the (Italo-Celtic) verbal root is related. The verbal function makes this scenario less likely, though it could still be denominal; note that most branches only have nominal derivatives. Possibly with late sound-symbolic *a like in the synonym *kap-.

Root

*kagʰ-^[2]^[3]

to hold, keep
Synonyms: *gʰed-, *kap-, *twerH-
to close, enclose
Synonyms: *ǵʰer-, *gʰerdʰ-, *h₂erk-, *werbʰ-
that which encloses: fence, hedge, barrier
enclosed space, fenced field, pasture

Reconstruction notes

Both the vowel *a and the coexistence of a tenuis stop and a media aspirata (i.e. *k and *gʰ respectively) in the root cast doubt on the etymon's genuine PIE status, or at least its inherited status (see §Etymology).^[1]

Alternative reconstructions

*kh₂egʰ-
*kegʰ-, *kogʰ-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kagʰ- (18 c, 0 e)

*kágʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *kageti (“to get, receive”)^[4]
- Proto-Italic:
  - >? Oscan: 𐌊𐌀𐌇𐌀𐌃 (kahad, 3s.pr.cj.)
  - >? Umbrian: cehefi (inf.ps.)
*kagʰ-yó-m (“enclosure”)^[5]^[6]
*kagʰ-yo-s (cf. above)
- Proto-Germanic: *hagjaz^[5]
  - Old Norse: heggr (“bird cherry”) (see there for further descendants)
*kágʰ-l̥-eh₂ ~ *kagʰ-én-eh₂^[5]
- Proto-Italic: *kaɣela (“small hole”)^[7]
  - Latin: caulae (see there for further descendants)
  - (possibly)^[7] Oscan: kaíla (acc.sg.)
*kágʰ-r̥ ~ *kagʰ-éns (“enclosure, pasture; hedge”)
- ⇒? *kágʰ-ō ~ *kagʰ-n-és
  - Proto-Germanic: *hagô (“enclosure, pasture; hedge, shrub”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? *hakkją (from the presumed genitive *hakkaz)
      - Proto-West Germanic: *hakki, ⇒? *hakkī, *hakkju (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? *kagʰ-nó-s, *kagʰ-nó-m
    - ⇒? Proto-Armenian:^[8] (with a prefix)
      - Old Armenian: ցանգ (cʻang), ցանկ (cʻank, “hedge, fence”) (see there for further descendants)
    - Proto-Celtic: *kagnā (< collective(?) *kagʰ-néh₂)
      - Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨn
        Welsh: caen
    - Proto-Germanic: *hagnaz
      - >? Proto-West Germanic: *hagn
        Middle Dutch: haghen (“fencing”)
        
        Old High German: hagan (“briar”)
- ⇒? *kagʰ-ró-s
  - Proto-Celtic: *kagros (“enclosure; fort”)^[9]
    - Proto-Brythonic: *kaɨr
      - Middle Breton: ker
      - Cornish: caer
      - Middle Welsh: cair
        Welsh: caer
*kágʰ-so-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: कक्ष (kákṣa, “secluded forest, wooded recess; clearing; room, apartment”)^[10] (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pronk, Tijmen (2019), “Proto-Indo-European *a”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 7, page 148 of 122–163: “4.6 *⁽ḱ⁾agʰ-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*kagʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 342: “*kágʰ-e-”
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*kagh-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 487
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kag-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 184: “*kagʰ-"”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haga(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “*kagʰ-on-”
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “cagio-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 97"
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caulae”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 123-124: “*kaχi/elā-”
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “c‘ank/g”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 624
^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “*kagro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 184
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 288

[Pronk-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pronk, Tijmen (2019), “Proto-Indo-European *a”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 7, page 148 of 122–163: “4.6 *⁽ḱ⁾agʰ-”

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*kagʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 342: “*kágʰ-e-”

[3] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*kagh-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 487

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*kag-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 184: “*kagʰ-"”

[Kroonen-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*haga(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “*kagʰ-on-”

[6] Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “cagio-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 97"

[DeVaan_2-7] 7.0 ^7.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “caulae”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 123-124: “*kaχi/elā-”

[8] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “c‘ank/g”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 624

[9] Delamarre, Xavier (2003), “*kagro-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 184

[10] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 288

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]