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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéyh₁ō

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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    Disputed;[1][2] possibly from *weh₁y- (“to twist; to wrap”) +‎ *-ō,[3][4][5][6] compare Ancient Greek ὑιήν (huiḗn, “grapevine”), from *wih₁-ḗn,[5] and Latin vītis (“vine”), from *wéh₁itis, or perhaps borrowed from either Proto-West Semitic *wayn- or Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwino-, if those terms are not instead borrowings of the Proto-Indo-European.[2][7][8][9] Possibly all ultimately borrowed from an unattested Mediterranean substrate language.[10][11]

    Noun

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    *wéyh₁ō m[12][13][9]

    1. wine
    2. vine

    Reconstruction notes

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    The source of the o-grade in some descendants is not well explained by the paradigm given above. It is probably of innovative origin post-PIE and analogical with thematic paradigms, namely those in *(ó)-o-s and *(o)-éh₂, though explanations in terms of an original o-ablaut are also possible, such as a separate, neuter form of the word with an acrostatic paradigm *wóyh₁n̥ ~ *wéyh₁n̥s (compare *wósn̥ ~ *wésn̥s (“price”)), or even (more controversially) a three-way e ~ o ~ ∅ ablaut such as *wéyh₁ō with the addition of accusative *woyh₁nóm. This may all be misguided if it is a non-Indo-European loanword, however.

    Inflection

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    Athematic, amphikinetic
    singular
    nominative *wéyh₁ō
    genitive *wih₁nés
    singular dual plural
    nominative *wéyh₁ō *wéyh₁onh₁(e) *wéyh₁ones
    vocative *wéyh₁on *wéyh₁onh₁(e) *wéyh₁ones
    accusative *wéyh₁onm̥ *wéyh₁onh₁(e) *wéyh₁onm̥s
    genitive *wih₁nés *? *wih₁nóHom
    ablative *wih₁nés *? *wih₁n̥mós, *wih₁n̥bʰós
    dative *wih₁néy *? *wih₁n̥mós, *wih₁n̥bʰós
    locative *wih₁én, *wih₁éni *? *wih₁n̥sú
    instrumental *wih₁néh₁ *? *wih₁n̥mís, *wih₁n̥bʰís

    Derived terms

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    • *wéyh₁n-o-m[8]
      • Proto-Armenian: *ɣʷeinyo- (or from *wóyh₁n-o-s[14])[15]
      • Proto-Italic: *wīnom (see there for further descendants)
        • Latin: vīnum (see there for further descendants)
          • → Proto-Celtic: *wīnom (see there for further descendants)
          • → Proto-Germanic: *wīną (see there for further descendants)
          • → Proto-Slavic: *vīnò (see there for further descendants)
    • *wóyh₁n-eh₂
    • *wóyh₁n-o-s[5][8][3]
    • *wih₁-on-[13][4][8]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒃾𒅖 (GEŠTIN-iš /⁠wiyanis⁠/, “wine”)
        • Luwian:
          Cuneiform script: [script needed] (winiya-)
    • *wih₁n-yó-s[8]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒌑𒄿𒉌𒅀𒀭𒋫𒀭 (ú-i-ni-ya-an-ta-an /⁠*winiyantan⁠/, “wine (deified)”, accusative)
        • Luwian:
          Anatolian hieroglyphic script: [Term?] (/⁠wiyan(i)-⁠/), [Term?] (/⁠win(i)-⁠/, “of wine”)
    • →? Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣwino- (possibly via Armenian) (see there for further descendants)
    • →? Proto-West Semitic: *wayn- (see there for further descendants)
    • →? Aghwan: 𐕔𐔼 (fi)

    References

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    1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 36
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 38
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “οἶνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1058-1059
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vīnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 680
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 166-167
    6. ^ Schrader, Otto (1912), Die Anschauungen V. Hehns von der Herkunft unserer Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere im Lichte neuerer Forschung‎[1] (in German), Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, page 29
    7. ^ Nichols, J. (1997), “The epicentre of the Indo-European linguistic spread”, in Blench, R., M. Spriggs, editors, Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations‎[2], London: Routledge, page 126
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Fenwick, Rhona S. H. (2017), “An Indo-European origin of Kartvelian names for two maloid fruits”, in Garnik S. Asatrian, editors, Iran and the Caucasus‎[3], volume 21, number 3, Brill, →DOI, page 2
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Klimov, G. A. (1994), Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 79-82
    10. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 53
    11. ^ Lindner, Thomas (2017–2018), “Chapter VIII: Italic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Italic, page 832
    12. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (1987), “On Indo-European ‘wine’”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, pages 21-26
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “u̯ii̯an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1012
    14. ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017), “Part 9: Armenian”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 429
    15. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “gini”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 214–215
    16. ^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (2000), A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[4], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
    17. ^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “vër/ë,-a”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[5] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 414

    Further reading

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    • Gorton, Luke (2017), “Revisiting Indo-European ‘Wine’”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies‎[6], volume 45, numbers 1–2, pages 1–26
    • Lipp, Reiner (2019), “The Word for Wine in Anatolian, Greek, Armenian, Italic, Etruscan, Semitic and Its Indo-European Origin”, in Ronald I. Kim, Jana Mynářová, Peter Pavúk, editors, Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years, Leiden and Boston: Brill, →DOI, pages 195–229
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