Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wekʷ- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to speak, to sound out

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wekʷ- (86 c, 0 e)

*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (or denominative from *wahna- ?^[3]) (see there for further descendants)
*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present)^[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)
*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti
    - Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)
*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)
*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)^[5]
*wṓkʷ-s
*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os
- Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)
*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís
  - Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)
*wokʷ-tló-m
- Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám
    - Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktra, “mouth”)
*wókʷ-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz (“witness”) (see there for further descendants)
*wokʷ-smn̥
- Proto-Celtic: *woxsman
  - Middle Irish: fúaimm
    - Irish: fuaim
    - Scottish Gaelic: fuaim
*wokʷ-yeh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *wot͏̌t͏̌a
  - Ancient Greek: ὄσσᾰ (óssă), ὄττᾰ (óttă)
*ukʷ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)
*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā
  - Ancient Greek: εὐρῠ́οπᾰ (eurŭ́opă)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)
*ukʷ-tHó-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktʰám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *uktʰám
    - Sanskrit: उक्थ (ukthá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *uxθám
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀 (uxδa, “word”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian:
  - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)^[6]
  - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)
  - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wahan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 565-566
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 673-674
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 225
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 404

Kluge, Friedrich (1989), “erwähnen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “u̯ekʷ-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1135

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wahan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 565-566

[LIV-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯ek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 673-674

[4] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 225

[Ringe_2006-5] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN

[6] Cheung, Johnny (2007), Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 404

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