Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

PIE word
*h₁éḱwos

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

Noun

*Hácwah m^[1]^[2]^[3]

horse

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hácwah	*Hácwā(w)	*Hácwāh(ah)
vocative	*Hácwa	*Hácwā(w)	*Hácwāh(ah)
accusative	*Hácwam	*Hácwā(w)	*Hácwānh
instrumental	*HácwaH	*Hácwaybʰyā(m)	*Hácwāyš
ablative	*Hácwāt	*Hácwaybʰyā(m)	*Hácwaybʰyah
dative	*Hácwāy	*Hácwaybʰyā(m)	*Hácwaybʰyah
genitive	*Hácwahya	*Hácwayāh	*HácwānaHam
locative	*Hácway	*Hácwayaw	*Hácwayšu

Derived terms

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀 (aspa)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *aspi
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ašši
    - Khotanese: 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀰𑁎 (aśśä)
    - Tumshuqese: 𑀅𑀰 (aśa)
    - Wakhi: yaš
      - → Southwestern Fars:
        Burenjani: [Term?] (/⁠уʌšɛ⁠/), [script needed] (yūrk)
  - Proto-Sarmatian: *asfa
    - Alanic: *ӕfsӕ
      - Ossetian:
        Digor Ossetian: ӕфсӕ (æfsæ)
        Iron Ossetian: ефс (efs)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ασπο (aspo /⁠asp⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾsb), [script needed] (ʾsp /⁠asp⁠/)
  - Proto-Sogdic: *aspi
    - Sogdian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫏 (ʾspy /⁠əspí⁠/)
      Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐼷 (ʾspy /⁠əspí⁠/)
      Syriac script: ܣܦܝ (spy /⁠spí⁠/), ܐܣܦܝ (ʾspy /⁠ᵊspí⁠/)
    - Yaghnobi: asp
Southeastern Iranian:
- Munji-Yidgha:
  - Munji: [script needed] (yōsp), [script needed] (yosp)
  - Yidgha: [script needed] (yā̌sp), [script needed] (yasp)
- Ormuri-Parachi:
  - Ormuri:
    Kaniguram: [script needed] (yāsp), [script needed] (yansp)
    
    Logar: [script needed] (yâsp)
  - Parachi: ȫsp
- Pathan: *ā́sᵽă-^[3]
  - Pashto:
    Afridi: [script needed] m (wā̊s), [script needed] f (wā̊spa)
    
    Pashto: آس (ās), اس m (as), اسپه f (áspa)
    
    Waziri: [script needed] m (wōs), [script needed] f (wōspa)
  - Waneci: [script needed] (ās)
Northwestern Iranian:
Baluchi:
Eastern Balochi: اسپ (asp)

Southern Balochi: اسپ (asp), (Kechi) اپس (aps)

Western Balochi: اسپ (asp), (Kalati, Panjguri) هسپ (hasp)
- Kurdish:
  - Northern Kurdish: hesp
    - → Old Armenian: հասբ (hasb) (probably)
  - Central Kurdish: ئەسپ (esp)
  - Southern Kurdish: ئەسپ (esp)
  - Laki: ئەسپ (esp)
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Gurani: ئەسپ (asp)
  - Komisenian:
    - Biyabanaki: [script needed] (asp)
    - Lasgerdi: [script needed] (asb)
    - Sangisari: [script needed] (asb), اسم (asm)
    - Sorkhei: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsm)
  - Old Median: *aspah
    - Middle Median: *asp
      - Kermanic:
        Farizandi, Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Khunsari, Natanzi, Zefrehi: asm
        Natanzi, Yazdi, Yarandi: asb
        Nayini: äsp
        Qohrudi, Vonishuni: asp
        Soi: äs
      - Sivandi: usūr
      - Tatic:
        Southern Tati: [script needed] (asb)
        Talysh: асп
    - Semnani: [script needed] (äsp)
    - → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (a-s-p /⁠aspaʰ⁠/) (see there for further descendants)
  - Tabari:
    - Gilaki: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
    - Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
      - Mazanderani: [script needed] (asb)
      - Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿 (a-s /⁠asaʰ⁠/)
→ Chechen: ӏа̄спар class jj (ˀaaspar, “nag, jade, old horse”)
→ Georgian: აჩუ (aču), აჩო (ačo), ჰაჩო (hačo, “urge on horses”), აცე (ace, “urge on donkeys”), აჩუა (ačua, “horse”) (nursery word)^[4]
→ Mingrelian: აჩუ (aču, “urge on horses; horse”), აჩუა (ačua, “horse”) (nursery word)
→ Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *ʼɨčʷe^[4]
- Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʼičʷa^[4]
  - Akhvakh: ичва (ičʷa)
  - Andi: ица (ica)
  - Avar: чу (ču)
  - Chamalal: и́ша (ı̇́ša), (Gigatli) и́ча (ı̇́ča)
  - Karata: ичва (ičva, “mare”)
- Dargwa: урчи (urči)
- Khinalug: пши (pši)
- Lak: чву (čwu)
- Lezgi: шив (šiv)
→ Proto-Northwest Caucasian: *č́ʷǝ^[4]
- Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza: *čǝ
  - Abaza: тшы́ (tšə́)
  - Abkhaz: а-ҽы́ (a-ĉə́)
- Proto-Circassian: *čǝ
  - West Circassian: шы (šə)
  - East Circassian: шы (šə)
- Ubykh: чы (čə)
→ Tocharian B: etswe

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*aśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246
^ Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015), Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Witzel, Michael (2003), Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎^[3], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20

[ESIJa-1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*aśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246

[Cathcart-2] Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015), Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley

[Novak-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[2], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124

[Witzel-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Witzel, Michael (2003), Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎^[3], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20

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