Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tāĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *cïla-xun (“stone”) (Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”)), Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”) (Evenki дёло (ʒolo, “stone”)), Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”) under the Altaic hypothesis. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*tāĺ

1. stone

Declension

Declension of *tāĺ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*tāĺ
Accusative	*tāĺïg, *tāĺnï1)
Genitive	*tāĺnïŋ
Dative	*tāĺka
Locative	*tāĺta
Ablative	*tāĺtan
Allative	*tāĺgaru
Instrumental 2)	*tāĺïn
Equative 2)	*tāĺča
Similative 2)	*tāĺlayu
Comitative 2)	*tāĺlïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur: *tyal
  • Chuvash: чул (čul)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: tâaş
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: daş
    • Ottoman Turkish: طاش (taş)
      • Gagauz: taş
      • Turkish: taş
  • Salar: daş
  • Turkmen: dāş
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: تاشْ (tāš)
    • Chagatai: تاش (taš)
      • Uyghur: تاش (tash)
        • Ili Turki: taş
      • Uzbek: tosh
• Kipchak:
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: taş
    • Karachay-Balkar: таш (taş)
    • Karaim:
      • Cyrillic script: таш
      • Latin script: taš
    • Kumyk: таш (taş)
  • Kipchak-Nogai:
    • Karakalpak:
      • Latin script: tas
      • Cyrillic script: тас
    • Kazakh: тас (tas)
    • Nogai: тас (tas)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: таш (taş)
    • Tatar:
      • Cyrillic script: таш (taş)
      • Latin script: taş
  • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: таш (taş)
    • Southern Altai: таш (taš)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐱃𐱁 (taš)
    • Old Uyghur: t՚š (taš)
      • Western Yugur: das, dahs
    • Old Kirghiz:
      • Khakas: тас (tas)
      • Shor: таш
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa: даш
      • Soyot:даш (daş)
      • Tuvan: даш (daş)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: таас (taas)
    • Yakut: таас (taas)
• Mongolic:
  • → Bonan:
    • Qinghai: tasri
  • → Dongxiang: tashi
  • → Eastern Yugur: tash
  • → Kangjia: txashi
  • → Monguor:
    • Mongghul: taashi
    • Mangghuer: tashi

See also

Minerals in Proto-Turkic
Stone	stone: *tiāĺ	Iron	iron: *temür	Silver	silver: *kümüĺ
Gold	gold: *altun	Strawberry	copper: *bakïr	Chalk	chalk or earth: *bōr
Coal	coal: *kömür	Salt	salt: *tūŕ	Lead	lead: *korguĺčïn

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ta:ş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 557
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*diāĺ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1965) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 19)‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 437
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1980) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Nauka, page 167
• Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 638