User:-sche/-er-

As part of Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium/2020/September#casserole, this is a list of words which seem to contain an infix -er-, for the purpose of evaluating their origins, etc.

in -erole, -erolle / with -ole

-er(-) + -ol(l)e (compare -iole, another extended form of -ole)

• (?) vfr. bannerole (/bannerolle?) (from bannière, not ban, per Nyrop)
• (?) becquerolle, bequerolle (Nyrop thinks this is a legitimate example of -erol(l)e, from bec) (compare the synonyms(?) bécot, bécassine)
• casserole (formed with -erole, per TLFi, Brachet 1 and fr.Wikt) (compare cassole using the same stem and suffix but no interfix, casseron using the same stm and a different suffix with this interfix, and cassoulet) — (but compare It. cazzaruola per Nyrop) (whereas, Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-)
• (?) caterole, catérole, catterole (from se catir, per fr.Wikt and Nyrop, who lists it as an example of -erol(l)e)
• èverole (from eve, "eau", per fr.Wikt and Nyrop)
• féverole, féverolle : fr.Wikt and TLFi say this is indeed "dimin. de fève; suff. -erole (v. -ole)", from older French faverole (but Nyrop argues this is from fabaria, not fave, fève)
• (?) flammerole, flammerolle (from flamme, per Nyrop)
• lignerolle, lignerole (from ligne, per Nyrop, and TLFi agrees it is formed with -erole)
• (?) liserolle (Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-)
• (?) maierole(s), maierolles (see 1969, below)
• moucherole, moucherolle (from mouche, per Nyrop, which would show -er- (no?), and Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-, and TLFi agrees it is formed with -erole)
• (?) primerole (from primariolus, not prime, per Nyrop)
• profiterole:(but is this profiter + -ole? no, TLFi agrees it is formed with -erole)
• rousserolle ("fauvette", from roux + -erole, per Nyrop and TLFi)

• A 1969 article in Romance Philology, volume 23, page 298, says: "-erole ← -er- (< -ÅR) + -ole ( < -EOLU): maierole. A lengthened var. of -ole, this suffix appears in the late Middle Ages, formed through “false division”, namely the secondary rapprochement of, say, bannerole (banniere + -ole) or casserole with ban- or cass-. Is the -er- […] intercalated for rhythmic or differentiatory purposes? This "interfix" conveys no semantic message: It simply serves as an occasionally handy grammatical tool."

• 1887, John Lancaster Gough Mowat, Alphita: A Medico-botanical Glossary from the Bodleian Manuscript, Selden B. 35, page 146, has a few other words: Palsgrave, 'Primorose a flour, primerolle.' Primerole would seem to be the original form of which primrose is a corruption. With primerole compare the forms blauerole ^{[Consolida media]} (p. 45), maierole, rougerole (p. 134), fugerole (p. 132).

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loanwords where -er- is not a French addition:

• banderole, semantically rel. to bande, was bor. from It. banderuola, with er cognate to -ière (despite Brachet 1 saying this shows "intercalation" of -er-)
• barquerolle (probably bor. from It. barcheruolo, barcaruolo) (compare Ven. barcaruola but also French barque, per Nyrop) (TLFi says the hypothesis of Italian derivation is preferable to seeing this as barque + -erole)
• bouterolle (from bouter, per TLFi and Nyrop, despite the latter listing it as an example of -erol(l)e)
• fougerolle, fougerole (from fougère + -ole, per Nyrop and fr.Wikt)
• muserole, muserolle (from/compare It. museruola, per Nyrop and TLFi)

in -eron / with -on

• aileron (Brachet 1 says this shows "intercalation" of -er-) (aile + -eron per TLFi)
• allaiteron (formed with -eron [though not explicitly from -on] per TLFi)
• beauceron (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
• bûcheron (from bûche with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (yes, per TLFi)
• (?) casseron : casse + er + -on?
• chaperon (from chape with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (yes, per TLFi)
• courgeron (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi and fr.Wikt)
• (?) forgeron (from forge with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2, whereas TLFi thinks forger+-on)
  • Laurie Bauer, English Word-Formation (1983), page 19, in an aside, says: "Similarly, the suffix -eron which could once be used in French to form a word for the person who carries out an action (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eron 'smith') is now no longer productive, and the suffix -eur (e.g. forg-er 'to forge' > forg-eur 'forger') is used productively in its place (Guilbert, 1975: 178-9)."
• (?) fumeron (TLFi says "dér. du rad. de fumer; suff. -eron")
• laideron (from laid with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2; mentioned as an instance of -eron by Darmesteter)
• lamperon (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
• liseron (?)
• mancheron (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi and fr.Wikt)
• moucheron (from mouche with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 1 and 2) (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
• (?) mousseron (from mousse with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (but from Latin *mussario per TLFi)
• napperon (formed with -eron from -on per TLFi)
• puceron (from puce, says Brachet 1 and 2, saying this shows "intercalation" of -er-, and TLFi)
• (?) quarteron (from quart with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2) (but TLFi says "dér. de quartier; suff. -on")
• vigneron (from vigne with "intercalation" of -er- per Brachet 2, and TLFi)

also, to check

1. crosseron

   paleron

possibly

1. laiteron (but here the r may be in the root)

   saleron

• Nicol Christopher William Spence, The Structure(s) of French (1996), page 95: "Some suffixes have reinforced variants: for instance, -et is expanded to -elet in verdelet, -on to -eron in moucheron, and -er to -eter in bec > becqueter. The suffix -ie has a reinforced variant -erie (cf. bouffonnerie, pédanterie) on the model of the many words in -erie where the suffix had been added to a word ending in -(i)er (boulanger, épicier, laitier, etc). [ bureautique [...]">…] "

Brachet 1 also mentions other intercalated affixes: -ich- as in ber-ich-on and -ill- as in carp-ill-on

in -ereau / with -eau

• banquereau (formed with -ereau per TLFi)
• bordereau (probably formed with -ereau per TLFi)
• (?) grimpereau ("dér. de grimper; suff.-ereau.")
• hobereau ("Forme élargie par le suff. -ereau (-eau), de l'a. fr. hobel")
• mâtereau (from mât + -ereau per TLFi)
• poétereau (Brachet 1; TLFi "dér. de poète; suff. -ereau (-eau)")
• tombereau (Brachet 1; TLFi "dér. de [...] suff. -ereau (-eau)")

• Brachet 1 also mentions another intercalated affix: -ot-eau as in diabl-ot-eau

==French==

===Etymology===
{{af|fr|-er-|-eau}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{fr-suffix|g=m|f=-erelle}}{{cln|fr|diminutive suffixes}}

# {{n-g|a lengthened form of {{m|fr|-eau}} }}
#: {{m|fr|banquereau}}
#: {{m|fr|bordereau}}
#: {{m|fr|mâtereau}}
#: {{m|fr|poétereau}}
#: {{m|fr|tombereau}}<!--?, but sic per TLFi-->

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|fr}}

in -erelle / with -elle

• (?) chanterelle (TLFi confusingly says "dér. de chanter; suff. -erelle, forme allongée de -elle", but contrast passerelle, sauterelle)
• coquerelle (per TLFi, "coq* (suff. -erelle, forme élargie de -elle et [coqueret] -eret, forme élargie de -et)")

but not(?):

• passerelle (Brachet 1) (but TLFi says "dér. de passer; suff. -elle")
• sauterelle (Brachet 1) (but TLFi says "dér. de sauter; suff. -elle")

in -eret, -erette / with -et, -ette

• (?) banneret (TLFi: "dér. du rad. de bannière [...]; suff. -eret (-et); banneret peut aussi être dér. de ban")
• (?) collerette (TLFi: "dér. de collier par substitution de -erette (v. suff. -eret et -ette) à -ier.")
• coqueret (per TLFi, "coq* (suff. [...] -eret, forme élargie de -et)")
• (?) couperet ("dér. de couper, suff. -erez (-aricius, [...]) devenu -eret p. anal. avec des mots déclinables tels que mantelez-mantelet")
• formeret (per TLFi)

not evidence of this interfix: -er-esse

Brachet 1: "the earlier form of the feminine was in -eresse, from -er- and -esse (-issa)

Arsène Darmesteter, A Historical French Grammar, book 2 (1902), page 253: "In Old French these nouns first formed their feminines in -eriz: pecheor, pecheriz; empereor, empereriz. -eor, -eur, corresponded to the Latin -atorem; -eriz to the Latin -atricem. At a fairly early period -eriz was changed into -eresse under the influence of the suffix -esse [...] ment-eur, ment-eresse; dans-eur, dans-eresse. [...] The termination -eresse, thus replaced by the termination -euse, has been preserved only (1) in certain technical terms, all somewhat archaic, and concerning law or special callings: baillerese, défenderesse, demanderesse, guinderesse, &c. and (2) in a few words adopted in poetical usage: chasseresse, devineresse, vengeresse."

• baileresse, bailleresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
• chasseresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
• old danseresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
• défenderesse (Darmesteter)
• demanderesse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
• devineresse (Darmesteter)
• old empereresse (older empereriz; Darmesteter, who specifies this is from an older form in -eriz, Lat. -atricem)
• enchanteresse (Brachet 1)
• guinderesse (Darmesteter)
• old menteresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)
• pécheresse (Brachet 1 and Darmesteter, who specifies this is from an older form in -eriz, Lat. -atricem)
• vengeresse (Brachet 1, Darmesteter)

references discussing -er- in more than one suffix

• Thomas S. Thomov, Morphologie du français moderne (1960), page 28, which derives -erole from -er + -ole, and -eron (as would explain casseron?) from -ier + -on.

sources of words

• TLFi
• Kristoffer Nyrop, Grammaire historique de la langue française (1908), volume 3, page 184
• Auguste Brachet, Paget Jackson Toynbee, A Historical Grammar of the French Language (1896) (=Brachet 1)
• Auguste Brachet, An Etymological Dictionary of the French Language (1882), page cxxi (=Brachet 2)