User:Mårtensås/grammar
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Proto-Norse grammar
[edit]Legend
[edit]- C = consonant
- V = vowel
- * = reconstructed
- Tr = transitional, post-Classic
Nominals
[edit]Nouns
[edit]a-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -aʀ[1], -ʀTr[2] | *-ōʀ |
Accusative | -a[3] | *-an, -aTr[4] |
Dative | -ē[5] | *-umaʀ, -umʀTr[6] |
Genitive | -as[7] | *-ō |
- ^ ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (frawaradaʀ), ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ), ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛚᚨᛏᚨᛉ (aiþalataʀ), ᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉ (wiwaʀ), ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (widuhudaʀ), ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ), ᚺᚨᚱᚲᛁᛚᚨᛉ (harkilaʀ), ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagiradaʀ), ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ (halaʀ), ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ (hadulaikaʀ), ᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ (hraʀaʀ), ᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉ (hroʀaʀ), ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉ (heldaʀ), ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ), ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ), ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ), ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ), ᛚᛖᚢᚷᚨᛉ (leugaʀ), ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)
- ^ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ (hᴀþuwulafʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀþuwolᴀfʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀriwolᴀfʀ)Tr
- ^ ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina) ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ (staina), ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ (hᴀþuwolᴀfᴀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ (hᴀriwulafa)Tr
- ^ ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ)Tr
- ^ ᚹᚨᚷᛖ (wage), ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ (woduride)
- ^ ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ)Tr
- ^ ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas), ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ (kelbaþewas), ᚺᚾᚨᛒᚢᛞᚨᛊ (hnabudas)
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -a[1] | *-u |
Accusative | -a[2] | *-u |
Dative | *-ē | *-umaʀ |
Genitive | *-as | *-ō |
ja-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -jaʀ[1], (after long root) -īʀ[2] | *-jōʀ |
Accusative | *-ja | *-jan |
Dative | *-jē | *-jumaʀ |
Genitive | *-jas | *-jō |
- ^ ᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ (raunijaʀ), ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ (holtijaʀ), ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ), ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ), ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)
- ^ ᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉ (hroʀeʀ), ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hᴀeruwulafiʀ)Tr
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ja | *-ju |
Accusative | -ja | *-ju |
Dative | *-jē | *-jumaʀ |
Genitive | *-jas | *-jō |
i-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -iʀ[1] | *-īʀ |
Accusative | *-i | *-in |
Dative | *-ī | *-jumaʀ |
Genitive | ? | *-jō |
- ^ ᚨᛊᚢᚷᚨᛊᛞᛁᛉ (asugasdiʀ), ᚹᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (wagagastiʀ), ᚹᛁᚾᛁᛉ (winiʀ), ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (widugastiʀ), ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ), ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (naudigastiʀ), ᛊᚨᛚᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (saligastiʀ)
an-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -ā[1] | *-anōʀ |
Accusative | *-an | *-anō |
Dative | -an[2] | *-anumaʀ |
Genitive | -an[3] | *-anō |
jan-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -jā[1] | *-janōʀ |
Accusative | *-jan | *-janō |
Dative | *-jan | *-janumaʀ |
Genitive | *-jan | -janō[2] |
ōn-stems
[edit]jōn-stems
[edit]ō-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -u[1] | *-ōʀ |
Accusative | -ō[2] | -ōʀ[3], -aʀTr[4] |
Dative | *-ū | *-umaʀ |
Genitive | -ōʀ[5] | *-ō, -aTr[6] |
u-stems
[edit]Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | *-uʀ | *-iwʀ |
Accusative | -u[1] | *-un |
Dative | -iw[2] | *-umaʀ |
Genitive | -ōʀ[3] | *-iwō |
Pronouns
[edit]first | second | third | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | singular | dual | plural | singular | plural | |
nominative | eka[1], ek[2], -ka[3] | *wit | wīʀ | *þū | *jit | *jīʀ | *hānaʀ (see below) | *þaiʀ (see below) |
accusative | *mik | *unkaʀ | *uns | *þik | *inkwaʀ | *iðwiʀ | *hāninō | *þã |
genitive | *mīna | *unkara | *unsara | *þīna | *inkwara | *iðwara | *hānas | *þaiʀō |
dative | mēʀ[4] | *unkaʀ | *uns | *þēʀ | *inkwaʀ | *iðwiʀ | *hānumʀ | *þaimaʀ |
masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
nominative | sa[1], saʀTr[2] | *þaiʀ | *sō | *þaijōʀ, þaiaʀTr[3] | þat | *þau[n] |
accusative | *þanō | *þã | *þō | *þaijōʀ | þat[4] | *þau[n] |
genitive | *þas | *þaiʀō | *þaiʀōʀ | *þaiʀō | *þas | *þaiʀō |
dative | *þaimaʀ | *þaimaʀ | *þaiʀē | *þaimaʀ | *þwī | *þaimaʀ |
Adjectives
[edit]Adjective classes are named after the stem used in the masculine nominative singular.
masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
nominative | *-aʀ | *-ēʀ | -u[1] | *-ōʀ | *-at | *-u |
accusative | *-anō, -inō[2] | *-an | -ō[3] | *-ōʀ | *-at | *-u |
genitive | -as[4] | *-aʀō | *-aʀōʀ | *-aʀō | *-as | *-aʀō |
dative | *-umaʀ | *-umaʀ | *-aʀē | *-umaʀ | *-ū | *-umaʀ |
Verbs
[edit]In order to clearly illustrate ablaut relations, an exemplary verb of each class has been chosen. Attested forms from the class, even if belonging to a different verb than the chosen one, are then not marked with a star.
Strong verbs
[edit]infinitive | *wrīt-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *wrīt-andʀ | |
past participle | *writ-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | wrīt-u[1] | wrait-a[2] |
2nd singular | *wrīt-iʀ(i) | *wrais-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | *wrīt-ið(i) | wrait[3] |
1st plural | *wrīt-um | writ-um[4] |
2nd plural | ? | *writ-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *writ-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *wrīt-ō | *writ-ō |
2nd singular | *wrīt-ēʀ | *writ-īʀ |
3rd singular | *wrīt-ē | *writ-ī |
1st plural | *wrīt-ēm | *writ-īm |
2nd plural | *wrīt-ēð | *writ-īð |
3rd plural | *wrīt-ēn | *writ-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *wrīt | |
2nd plural | *wrīt-ið |
infinitive | *breut-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *breut-andʀ | |
past participle | *brot-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-u | *braut-a |
2nd singular | *briut-iʀ(i), brȳt-ʀTr[1] | *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | briut-ið(i)[2], brȳt-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) | *braut |
1st plural | *breut-um | *brut-um |
2nd plural | ? | *brut-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *brut-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-ō | *brut-ī |
2nd singular | *breut-ēʀ | *brut-īʀ |
3rd singular | *breut-ē | *brut-ō |
1st plural | *breut-ēm | *brut-īm |
2nd plural | *breut-ēð | *brut-īð |
3rd plural | *breut-ēn | *brut-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *breut | |
2nd plural | *briut-ið |
infinitive | *breut-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *breut-andʀ | |
past participle | *brot-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-u | *braut-a |
2nd singular | *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] | *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) | *braut |
1st plural | *breut-um | *brut-um |
2nd plural | ? | *brut-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *brut-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-ō | *brut-ī |
2nd singular | *breut-ēʀ | *brut-īʀ |
3rd singular | *breut-ē | *brut-ī |
1st plural | *breut-ēm | *brut-īm |
2nd plural | *breut-ēð | *brut-īð |
3rd plural | *breut-ēn | *brut-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *breut | |
2nd plural | *briut-ið |
infinitive | *breut-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *breut-andʀ | |
past participle | *brot-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-u | *braut-a |
2nd singular | *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] | *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) | *braut |
1st plural | *breut-um | *brut-um |
2nd plural | ? | *brut-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *brut-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-ō | *brut-ī |
2nd singular | *breut-ēʀ | *brut-īʀ |
3rd singular | *CeuC-ē | *CuC-ī |
1st plural | *breut-ēm | *brut-īm |
2nd plural | *breut-ēð | *brut-īð |
3rd plural | *breut-ēn | *brut-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *breut | |
2nd plural | *briut-ið |
infinitive | *breut-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *breut-andʀ | |
past participle | *brot-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-u | *braut-a |
2nd singular | *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] | *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) | *braut |
1st plural | *breut-um | *brut-um |
2nd plural | ? | *brut-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *brut-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-ō | *brut-ī |
2nd singular | *breut-ēʀ | *brut-īʀ |
3rd singular | *CeuC-ē | *CuC-ī |
1st plural | *breut-ēm | *brut-īm |
2nd plural | *breut-ēð | *brut-īð |
3rd plural | *breut-ēn | *brut-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *breut | |
2nd plural | *briut-ið |
infinitive | *breut-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *breut-andʀ | |
past participle | *brot-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-u | *braut-a |
2nd singular | *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] | *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) | *braut |
1st plural | *breut-um | *brut-um |
2nd plural | ? | *brut-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *brut-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-ō | *brut-ī |
2nd singular | *breut-ēʀ | *brut-īʀ |
3rd singular | *CeuC-ē | *CuC-ī |
1st plural | *breut-ēm | *brut-īm |
2nd plural | *breut-ēð | *brut-īð |
3rd plural | *breut-ēn | *brut-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *breut | |
2nd plural | *briut-ið |
infinitive | *breut-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *breut-andʀ | |
past participle | *brot-inaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-u | *braut-a |
2nd singular | *briut-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] | *braus-t (*t-t > *s-t) |
3rd singular | briut-ið(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) | *braut |
1st plural | *breut-um | *brut-um |
2nd plural | ? | *brut-uð |
3rd plural | ? | *brut-un |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *breut-ō | *brut-ī |
2nd singular | *breut-ēʀ | *brut-īʀ |
3rd singular | *CeuC-ē | *CuC-ī |
1st plural | *breut-ēm | *brut-īm |
2nd plural | *breut-ēð | *brut-īð |
3rd plural | *breut-ēn | *brut-īn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *breut | |
2nd plural | *briut-ið |
Weak verbs
[edit]infinitive | *taw-j-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *taw-j-andʀ | |
past participle | *taw-iðaʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *taw-ī | taw-i-ðō[1] |
2nd singular | *taw-īʀ(i) | *taw-i-ðēʀ |
3rd singular | *taw-īþ(i) | taw-i-ðē[2], *taw-i-ðai, *tau-ðēTr[3] |
1st plural | *taw-j-um | *taw-i-ðum |
2nd plural | ? | *taw-i-ðuð |
3rd plural | ? | *taw-i-ðun |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *taw-j-ō | *taw-i-ðō |
2nd singular | *taw-j-ēʀ | *taw-i-ðīʀ |
3rd singular | *taw-j-ē | *taw-i-ðī |
1st plural | *taw-j-ēm | *taw-i-ðīm |
2nd plural | *taw-j-ēð | *taw-i-ðīð |
3rd plural | *taw-j-ēn | *taw-i-ðīn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *tawī | |
2nd plural | *taw-īþ |
infinitive | *rais-ij-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *rais-ij-andʀ | |
past participle | rais-iðaʀ[1] | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | rais-ī[2] | rais-i-ðō[3] |
2nd singular | *rais-īʀ(i) | *rais-i-ðēʀ |
3rd singular | *rais-īþ(i) | rais-i-ðē[4], rais-idai[5] |
1st plural | *rais-ij-um | *rais-i-ðum |
2nd plural | ? | *rais-i-ðuð |
3rd plural | ? | rais-i-ðun[6] |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *rais-ij-ō | *rais-i-ðō |
2nd singular | *rais-ij-ēʀ | *rais-i-ðīʀ |
3rd singular | *rais-ij-ē | *rais-i-ðī |
1st plural | *rais-ij-ēm | *rais-i-ðīm |
2nd plural | *rais-ij-ēð | *rais-i-ðīð |
3rd plural | *rais-ij-ēn | *rais-i-ðīn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *raisī | |
2nd plural | *rais-īþ |
infinitive | *wurk-ij-an | |
---|---|---|
present participle | *wurk-ij-andʀ | |
past participle | *worh-taʀ | |
indicative | present | past |
1st singular | *wurk-ī | worh-tō[1], wor-tō |
2nd singular | *wurk-īʀ(i) | *worh-tēʀ, *wor-tēʀ |
3rd singular | *wurk-īþ(i) | *worh-tē, wor-tē[2] |
1st plural | *wurk-ij-um | *worh-tum |
2nd plural | ? | *worh-tuð |
3rd plural | ? | *worh-tun |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st singular | *wurk-ij-ō | *worh-tō |
2nd singular | *wurk-ij-ēʀ | *worh-tīʀ |
3rd singular | *wurk-ij-ē | *worh-tī |
1st plural | *wurk-ij-ēm | *worh-tīm |
2nd plural | *wurk-ij-ēð | *worh-tīð |
3rd plural | *wurk-ij-ēn | *worh-tīn |
imperative | present | |
2nd singular | *wurkī | |
2nd plural | *wurk-īþ |