ajtó
Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From the obsolete ajt (“to form an opening”) + -ó (present participle suffix). From Proto-Ugric *ᴕjɜ- (“come off, get looser, get free”).[1][2]
Compared to Yeniseian languages like Kott at̔ol (“door”) and Arin ejt’ōl (“door”),[3][4][5] attributed to a "Hunnic loanword" by Yeniseian linguistics, giving the Hungarian "dialectal form" Hungarian ajtal (“door”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ajtó (plural ajtók)
- door (portal of entry into a building or room)
- Hypernym: (technical term) nyílászáró
- Meronyms: kilincs, kulcslyuk
- Coordinate term: ablak
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ajtó | ajtók |
| accusative | ajtót | ajtókat |
| dative | ajtónak | ajtóknak |
| instrumental | ajtóval | ajtókkal |
| causal-final | ajtóért | ajtókért |
| translative | ajtóvá | ajtókká |
| terminative | ajtóig | ajtókig |
| essive-formal | ajtóként | ajtókként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | ajtóban | ajtókban |
| superessive | ajtón | ajtókon |
| adessive | ajtónál | ajtóknál |
| illative | ajtóba | ajtókba |
| sublative | ajtóra | ajtókra |
| allative | ajtóhoz | ajtókhoz |
| elative | ajtóból | ajtókból |
| delative | ajtóról | ajtókról |
| ablative | ajtótól | ajtóktól |
| non-attributive possessive – singular |
ajtóé | ajtóké |
| non-attributive possessive – plural |
ajtóéi | ajtókéi |
Two types of the possessive exist. The one with stem change is mostly used in the case of an inalienable possession such as the door of a house or a car. To express that a person has a door, the formation without stem change is used[6] (although in some dialects the stem changed version is used at all places). This is why "ajtajam" is rare, except in dialects.
- without stem change:
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person sing. | ajtóm | ajtóim |
| 2nd person sing. | ajtód | ajtóid |
| 3rd person sing. | ajtója | ajtói |
| 1st person plural | ajtónk | ajtóink |
| 2nd person plural | ajtótok | ajtóitok |
| 3rd person plural | ajtójuk | ajtóik |
- with stem change:
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person sing. | ajtajam | ajtajaim |
| 2nd person sing. | ajtajad | ajtajaid |
| 3rd person sing. | ajtaja | ajtajai |
| 1st person plural | ajtajunk | ajtajaink |
| 2nd person plural | ajtajatok | ajtajaitok |
| 3rd person plural | ajtajuk | ajtajaik |
Derived terms
[edit]Compound words
Expressions
References
[edit]- ^ Entry #1873 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ ajtó in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár →ISBN
- ^ Helimskij, Eugene A. (1982), “Keto-Uralica”, in Alekseenko, Eugene Alekseevna, Gokhman, Ilja Iosifovich, Ivanov, Vjacheslav Vselodovich, Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich, editors, Кетский Сборник 3: Антропология, Этнография, Мифология, Лингвистика, Leningrad: Nauka, page 248 of 238-251
- ^ https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fDATA%2fYENISEY%2fYENET&text_number=6&root=config
- ^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, pages 94, 282?
- ^ Kálmán László: Ajtaja vagy ajtója? in the online edition of Nyelv és Tudomány, 13 August 2013
Further reading
[edit]- ajtó in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
- ajtó in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).