croch

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɾˠox/, /kɾˠɔx/, /kɾˠɞx/, /kɾˠɔ(h)/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish croch, from Latin crux (“cross”). Doublet of cros.

Noun

croch f (genitive singular croiche, nominative plural crocha or crochanna)

1. cross, gallows
2. hook

Declension

Declension of croch (second declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative croch crocha vocative a chroch a chrocha genitive croiche croch dative croch croich (archaic, dialectal) crocha forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an chroch na crocha genitive na croiche na gcroch dative leis an gcroch leis an gcroich (archaic, dialectal) don chroch don chroich (archaic, dialectal) leis na crocha

Alternative plural form: crochanna

Etymology 2

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”).

Verb

croch (present analytic crochann, future analytic crochfaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochta) (ambitransitive)

1. to hang
2. to raise, lift
3. (reflexive) to clear off [with le] (leave abruptly)

   Chroch mé liom i ndiaidh an chluiche.

   I cleared off after the game.

Conjugation

Conjugation of croch (first conjugation – A)

indicative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	crochaim	crochann tú; crochair†	crochann sé, sí	crochaimid; crochann muid	crochann sibh	crochann siad; crochaid†	a chrochann; a chrochas	crochtar
past	chroch mé; chrochas	chroch tú; chrochais	chroch sé, sí	chrochamar; chroch muid	chroch sibh; chrochabhair	chroch siad; chrochadar	a chroch	crochadh
past habitual	chrochainn / crochainn‡	chrochtá / crochtá‡	chrochadh sé, sí / crochadh sé, sí‡	chrochaimis; chrochadh muid / crochaimis‡; crochadh muid‡	chrochadh sibh / crochadh sibh‡	chrochaidís; chrochadh siad / crochaidís‡; crochadh siad‡	a chrochadh	chrochtaí / crochtaí‡
	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	crochfaidh mé; crochfad	crochfaidh tú; crochfair†	crochfaidh sé, sí	crochfaimid; crochfaidh muid	crochfaidh sibh	crochfaidh siad; crochfaid†	a chrochfaidh; a chrochfas	crochfar
conditional	chrochfainn / crochfainn‡	chrochfá / crochfá‡	chrochfadh sé, sí / crochfadh sé, sí‡	chrochfaimis; chrochfadh muid / crochfaimis‡; crochfadh muid‡	chrochfadh sibh / crochfadh sibh‡	chrochfaidís; chrochfadh siad / crochfaidís‡; crochfadh siad‡	a chrochfadh	chrochfaí / crochfaí‡
subjunctive	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	go gcrocha mé; go gcrochad†	go gcrocha tú; go gcrochair†	go gcrocha sé, sí	go gcrochaimid; go gcrocha muid	go gcrocha sibh	go gcrocha siad; go gcrochaid†	—	go gcrochtar
past	dá gcrochainn	dá gcrochtá	dá gcrochadh sé, sí	dá gcrochaimis; dá gcrochadh muid	dá gcrochadh sibh	dá gcrochaidís; dá gcrochadh siad	—	dá gcrochtaí
imperative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
—	crochaim	croch	crochadh sé, sí	crochaimis	crochaigí; crochaidh†	crochaidís	—	crochtar
past participle	crochta
verbal noun	crochadh

^† archaic or dialect form
^‡ dependent form

Derived terms

• crochadóir
• crochaire

Mutation

Mutated forms of croch

radical	lenition	eclipsis
croch	chroch	gcroch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “croċ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla [Irish and English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 267; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927), “croċaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla [Irish and English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 267; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “croch”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla [Irish–English Dictionary], Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “croch”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “croch”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Middle English

Noun

croch

1. alternative form of crucche

Old Irish

Etymology

From Insular Proto-Celtic *krukā (compare Welsh crog), borrowed from the oblique stem of Latin crux. Doublet of cros, which was instead formed by attaching feminine ā-stem inflectional endings directly onto the nominative singular.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɾox/

Noun

croch f

1. cross
2. gallows

For quotations using this term, see Citations:croch.

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	crochL	croichL	crochaH
vocative	crochL	croichL	crochaH
accusative	croichN	croichL	crochaH
genitive	croicheH	crochL	crochN
dative	croichL	crochaib	crochaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• crochaid

Descendants

• Irish: croch
• Manx: crogh
• Scottish Gaelic: croch

Mutation

Mutation of croch

radical	lenition	nasalization
croch	chroch	croch pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “croch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”). Doublet of crois.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʰɾɔx/

Verb

croch (past chroch, future crochaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochte)

1. to hang, suspend
2. to depend

Usage notes

• It is more usual to use bi an crochadh for depend.

Mutation

Mutation of croch

radical	lenition
croch	chroch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911), “croch”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crochaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *k(V)r-, related to several other Indo-European words such as Latin crocio, Lithuanian kriõkti (“to rattle, grunt”), Sanskrit कृकर (kṛkara, “partridge”), Ancient Greek κρώζω (krṓzō). See also crawcian (“to croak, to caw”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkroːχ/

Adjective

croch (feminine singular croch, plural croch, equative croched, comparative crochach, superlative crochaf)

1. loud, cacophonous, clamorous

   Synonyms: aflafar, amhersain, cegog

2. strident, vociferous, fierce

   Synonyms: ffyrnig, brochus

Derived terms

• crochaf yr afon, lleiaf y pysgod (“the more clamorous, the water the fewer the fish”)
• gwrthgroch (“gruff”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of croch

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
croch	groch	nghroch	chroch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• D. G. Lewis, N. Lewis, editors (2005–present), “croch”, in Gweiadur: the Welsh–English Dictionary, Gwerin
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “croch”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies