croch

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɾˠox/, /kɾˠɔx/, /kɾˠɞx/, /kɾˠɔ(h)/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish croch, from Latin crux (“cross”). Doublet of cros.

Noun

croch f (genitive singular croiche, nominative plural crocha or crochanna)

1. cross, gallows
2. hook

Declension

Declension of croch (second declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative croch crocha vocative a chroch a chrocha genitive croiche croch dative croch croich (archaic, dialectal) crocha forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an chroch na crocha genitive na croiche na gcroch dative leis an gcroch leis an gcroich (archaic, dialectal) don chroch don chroich (archaic, dialectal) leis na crocha

Alternative plural form: crochanna

Etymology 2

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”).

Verb

croch (present analytic crochann, future analytic crochfaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochta) (ambitransitive)

1. to hang
2. to raise, lift
3. (reflexive) to clear off [with le] (leave abruptly)

   Chroch mé liom i ndiaidh an chluiche.

   I cleared off after the game.

Conjugation

conjugation of croch (first conjugation – A)

verbal noun	crochadh
past participle	crochta
tense	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative
present	crochaim	crochann tú; crochair†	crochann sé, sí	crochaimid	crochann sibh	crochann siad; crochaid†	a chrochann; a chrochas / a gcrochann*	crochtar
past	chroch mé; chrochas	chroch tú; chrochais	chroch sé, sí	chrochamar; chroch muid	chroch sibh; chrochabhair	chroch siad; chrochadar	a chroch / ar chroch*	crochadh
past habitual	chrochainn / gcrochainn‡‡	chrochtá / gcrochtᇇ	chrochadh sé, sí / gcrochadh sé, s퇇	chrochaimis; chrochadh muid / gcrochaimis‡‡; gcrochadh muid‡‡	chrochadh sibh / gcrochadh sibh‡‡	chrochaidís; chrochadh siad / gcrochaidís‡‡; gcrochadh siad‡‡	a chrochadh / a gcrochadh*	chrochtaí / gcrochta퇇
future	crochfaidh mé; crochfad	crochfaidh tú; crochfair†	crochfaidh sé, sí	crochfaimid; crochfaidh muid	crochfaidh sibh	crochfaidh siad; crochfaid†	a chrochfaidh; a chrochfas / a gcrochfaidh*	crochfar
conditional	chrochfainn / gcrochfainn‡‡	chrochfá / gcrochfᇇ	chrochfadh sé, sí / gcrochfadh sé, s퇇	chrochfaimis; chrochfadh muid / gcrochfaimis‡‡; gcrochfadh muid‡‡	chrochfadh sibh / gcrochfadh sibh‡‡	chrochfaidís; chrochfadh siad / gcrochfaidís‡‡; gcrochfadh siad‡‡	a chrochfadh / a gcrochfadh*	chrochfaí / gcrochfa퇇
subjunctive
present	go gcrocha mé; go gcrochad†	go gcrocha tú; go gcrochair†	go gcrocha sé, sí	go gcrochaimid; go gcrocha muid	go gcrocha sibh	go gcrocha siad; go gcrochaid†	—	go gcrochtar
past	dá gcrochainn	dá gcrochtá	dá gcrochadh sé, sí	dá gcrochaimis; dá gcrochadh muid	dá gcrochadh sibh	dá gcrochaidís; dá gcrochadh siad	—	dá gcrochtaí
imperative
–	crochaim	croch	crochadh sé, sí	crochaimis	crochaigí; crochaidh†	crochaidís	—	crochtar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of croch

radical	lenition	eclipsis
croch	chroch	gcroch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “croċ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 267; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “croċaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 267; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “croch”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “croch”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “croch”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

Middle English

Noun

croch

1. alternative form of crucche

Old Irish

Etymology

From Insular Proto-Celtic *krukā (compare Welsh crog), borrowed from the oblique stem of Latin crux. Doublet of cros, which was instead formed by attaching feminine ā-stem inflectional endings directly onto the nominative singular.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krox/

Noun

croch f

1. cross
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 20^c21

     Is dó da·gníat: maith leu indocbál apstal doib et ní fodmat ingreimm ar chroich Críst.

     It is for this they do it: they like to have the glory of apostles, and they do not endure persecution for the cross of Christ.

2. gallows

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	crochL	croichL	crochaH
vocative	crochL	croichL	crochaH
accusative	croichN	croichL	crochaH
genitive	croicheH	crochL	crochN
dative	croichL	crochaib	crochaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• crochaid

Descendants

• Irish: croch
• Scottish Gaelic: croch

Mutation

Mutation of croch

radical	lenition	nasalization
croch	chroch	croch pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “croch”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish crochaid, from the noun croch (“cross”). Doublet of crois.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʰɾɔx/

Verb

croch (past chroch, future crochaidh, verbal noun crochadh, past participle crochte)

1. to hang, suspend
2. to depend

Usage notes

• It is more usual to use bi an crochadh for depend.

Mutation

Mutation of croch

radical	lenition
croch	chroch

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “croch”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎^[2], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crochaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language