cros

See also: crôs, cróṡ, cròs, and cros-

English

Noun

cros

1. plural of cro

Catalan

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Cognate with French creux. (See there for possible etymologies.)

Noun

cros m (plural crosos)

1. a deep hole

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English cross.

Noun

cros m (plural crosos)

1. (sports) cross country
2. (boxing) cross

Derived terms

• autocròs
• ciclocròs
• motocròs

Further reading

• “cros”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007
• “cros”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2026
• “cros” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “cros” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Irish

Alternative forms

• crois

Etymology

From Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (“cross”). Doublet of croch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɾˠɔsˠ/

Noun

cros f (genitive singular croise, nominative plural crosa)

1. cross
2. crosspiece
3. trial, affliction
4. prohibition

Declension

Declension of cros (second declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative cros crosa vocative a chros a chrosa genitive croise cros dative cros crois (archaic, dialectal) crosa forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an chros na crosa genitive na croise na gcros dative leis an gcros leis an gcrois (archaic, dialectal) don chros don chrois (archaic, dialectal) leis na crosa

Derived terms

• airgead croise
• bata croise
• comhartha na croise
• cosa croise (“stilts”)
• cros chéasta (“crucifix”)
• Cros Dhearg (“Red Cross”)
• cros-
• crosach
• crosáil
• crosaire
• crosán
• crosdealbhach
• crosdiabhal
• crosóg
• crúbchrois
• Cumann na Croise Deirge (“the Red Cross Society”)
• fíor na croise (“the sign of the cross”)
• lochta croise (“rood-loft”)
• maide croise (“crutch”)
• píosa croise (“coin engraved with cross; florin”)
• trasna croise (“cross-arm of cross”)
• Turas na Croise (“the Stations of the Cross”)

Verb

cros (present analytic crosann, future analytic crosfaidh, verbal noun crosadh, past participle crosta)

1. cross
2. traverse
3. prohibit, forbid
4. contradict

Conjugation

Conjugation of cros (first conjugation – A)

indicative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	crosaim	crosann tú; crosair†	crosann sé, sí	crosaimid; crosann muid	crosann sibh	crosann siad; crosaid†	a chrosann; a chrosas	crostar
past	chros mé; chrosas	chros tú; chrosais	chros sé, sí	chrosamar; chros muid	chros sibh; chrosabhair	chros siad; chrosadar	a chros	crosadh
past habitual	chrosainn / crosainn‡	chrostá / crostá‡	chrosadh sé, sí / crosadh sé, sí‡	chrosaimis; chrosadh muid / crosaimis‡; crosadh muid‡	chrosadh sibh / crosadh sibh‡	chrosaidís; chrosadh siad / crosaidís‡; crosadh siad‡	a chrosadh	chrostaí / crostaí‡
	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	crosfaidh mé; crosfad	crosfaidh tú; crosfair†	crosfaidh sé, sí	crosfaimid; crosfaidh muid	crosfaidh sibh	crosfaidh siad; crosfaid†	a chrosfaidh; a chrosfas	crosfar
conditional	chrosfainn / crosfainn‡	chrosfá / crosfá‡	chrosfadh sé, sí / crosfadh sé, sí‡	chrosfaimis; chrosfadh muid / crosfaimis‡; crosfadh muid‡	chrosfadh sibh / crosfadh sibh‡	chrosfaidís; chrosfadh siad / crosfaidís‡; crosfadh siad‡	a chrosfadh	chrosfaí / crosfaí‡
subjunctive	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present	go gcrosa mé; go gcrosad†	go gcrosa tú; go gcrosair†	go gcrosa sé, sí	go gcrosaimid; go gcrosa muid	go gcrosa sibh	go gcrosa siad; go gcrosaid†	—	go gcrostar
past	dá gcrosainn	dá gcrostá	dá gcrosadh sé, sí	dá gcrosaimis; dá gcrosadh muid	dá gcrosadh sibh	dá gcrosaidís; dá gcrosadh siad	—	dá gcrostaí
imperative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
—	crosaim	cros	crosadh sé, sí	crosaimis	crosaigí; crosaidh†	crosaidís	—	crostar
past participle	crosta
verbal noun	crosadh

^† archaic or dialect form
^‡ dependent form

Mutation

Mutated forms of cros

radical	lenition	eclipsis
cros	chros	gcros

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “cros”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959), “cros”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “cros”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026

Lombard

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kruːs/ (Milanese)

Noun

cros f

1. cross

Middle English

Noun

cros

1. alternative form of cross

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kros/
• Rhymes: -os

Noun

cros ?

1. cross

Descendants

• Middle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce
  • English: cross
    • → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
  • Scots: cross, cros

References

• Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “Crossland”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 1, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 388.

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• cross

Etymology

From Latin crux. Doublet of croch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɾos/

Noun

cros f (genitive croisse or cruisse, nominative plural crossa)

1. (geometry) cross (geometrical figure)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	crosL, cross	croisL, croiss	crosaH, crossa
vocative	crosL, cross	croisL, croiss	crosaH, crossa
accusative	croisN, croiss	croisL, croiss	crosaH, crossa
genitive	croiseH, croisse, cruisse	crosL, cross	crosN, cross
dative	croisL, croiss	crosaib, crossaib	crosaib, crossaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Quotations

• c. 800, anonymous author, “The St. Gall incantations”, in Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, editors, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, volume II (overall work in English), Cambridge University Press, published 1903, page 249:

  do·bir cros dit ṡailiu for óchtar do chinn

  you put a cross of your spittle on the top of your head

• c. 800, anonymous author, “The rubrics in the Stowe missal”, in Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, editors, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, volume II (overall work in English), Cambridge University Press, published 1903, page 254:

  is hi tór{r}und cruisse suidigthir huile forsin méis

  in the form of a cross is all set on the paten

Descendants

• Irish: cros, crois
• Manx: crosh
• Scottish Gaelic: crois, cros
• → Old Norse: kross, *kors
  • Danish: kors
  • Faroese: krossur
  • Icelandic: kross
  • Norwegian Bokmål: kors
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: kors, kross
  • Swedish: kors
  • → Old English: cros
    • Middle English: cross, cros, croz, crosse, crosce
      • English: cross
        • → Japanese: クロス (kurosu)
      • Scots: cross, cros

Mutation

Mutation of cros

radical	lenition	nasalization
cros	chros	cros pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cros”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Piedmontese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krus/

Noun

cros f

1. cross

Derived terms

• crosié
• crosiera

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French cross.

Noun

cros n (plural crosuri)

1. cross-country

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	cros	crosul		crosuri	crosurile
genitive-dative	cros	crosului		crosuri	crosurilor
vocative	crosule			crosurilor