hapan

See also: häpän

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin (compare Estonian hapu), from Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa (compare Erzya чапамо (čapamo), Moksha шапама (šapama), Eastern Mari шопо (šopo)). The declension has been levelled to a plain m-stem with two variants happama- and happame- (see usage notes below for original dialectal distribution).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑ̝pɑ̝n]
• Rhymes: -ɑpɑn
• Syllabification^(key): ha‧pan
• Hyphenation^(key): ha‧pan

Adjective

hapan (comparative happamampi or happamempi, superlative happamin)

1. sour, acid in taste

   hapan mehu ― sour juice

2. sour, peevish, irritable, grumpy, fretful, ill-tempered
3. (chemistry) acidic, acid
4. (geology, mineralogy) felsic

Usage notes

Dialectal inflection for hapan (“sour”) (map)
Southern Southwest Finland (Eteläinen Varsinais-Suomi) [Southwestern dialects]	Kaarina, Kuusjoki, Sauvo	happama-
Northern Southwest Finland (Pohjoinen Varsinais-Suomi) [Southwestern dialects]	Laitila, Masku, Mynämäki, Nousiainen, Rauma	happama-
Southwest Finnish Highlands (Varsinais-Suomen ylämaa) [Southwestern transitional dialects]	Köyliö, Lieto, Paattinen, Pöytyä	happama-
Western Uusimaa (Länsi-Uusimaa) [Southwestern transitional dialects]	Nummi, Pusula, Sammatti, Vihti	happama-
Southern Satakunta (Etelä-Satakunta) [Southwestern transitional dialects]	Huittinen, Kokemäki, Loimaa, Metsämaa, Punkalaidun, Vampula	happama-
	Metsämaa	happame-
Western Satakunta (Länsi-Satakunta) [Southwestern transitional dialects]	Nakkila, Pomarkku	happama-
Northern Satakunta (Pohjois-Satakunta) [Tavastian dialects]	Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää, Lavia, Mouhijärvi, Parkano, Suodenniemi, Tyrvää	happama-
	Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen	happame-
Northern Tavastia (Pohjois-Häme) [Tavastian dialects]	Hauho, Kangasala, Lempäälä, Luopioinen, Längelmäki, Orivesi, Tuulos, Urjala, Vanaja, Vesilahti	happama-
	Sääksmäki, Tottijärvi, Virrat	happame-
Southern Tavastia (Etelä-Häme) [Tavastian dialects]	Hausjärvi, Humppila, Renko, Ypäjä	happama-
	Hausjärvi	happame-
Southeastern Tavastia (Kaakkois-Häme) [Tavastian dialects]	Hollola, Kärkölä, Lammi, Myrskylä, Orimattila, Padasjoki, Pornainen, Pukkila	happama-
	Mäntsälä, Nastola	happame-
Kymenlaakso [Tavastian dialects]	Anjala, Artjärvi, Elimäki, Iitti, Jaala, Sippola, Valkeala, Vehkalahti	happama-
Southern Ostrobothnia (Etelä-Pohjanmaa) [South Ostrobothnian dialects]	Alavus, Ilmajoki, Isojoki, Jalasjärvi, Kauhajoki, Kurikka, Laihia, Teuva, Töysä	happame-
	Kauhava	happama-
Central Ostrobothnia (Keski-Pohjanmaa) [Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects]	Haapavesi, Kalajoki, Kälviä, Lestijärvi, Nivala, Perho, Pulkkila, Sievi, Veteli	happame-
	Alavieska, Haapavesi, Himanka, Kalajoki, Merijärvi, Oulainen	happama-
Northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa) [Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects]	Ii, Oulujoki, Oulunsalo, Pattijoki, Rantsila, Utajärvi, Vihanti	happama-
	Muhos, Oulujoki, Oulunsalo, Pudasjärvi	happame-
Lapland (Peräpohjola) [Lapland dialects]	Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Rovaniemi, Salla, Sodankylä, Tervola	happame-
	Kemi, Rovaniemi	happama-
Westrobothnia (Länsi-Pohja) [Lapland dialects]	Alatornio, Kolari	happama-
Kainuu [Savonian dialects]	Kajaani, Kuusamo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo, Suomussalmi, Vaala, Vuolijoki	happame-
Northern Central Finland (Pohjoinen Keski-Suomi) [Savonian dialects]	Karstula, Kivijärvi, Konginkangas, Pihtipudas, Saarijärvi	happame-
	Pihtipudas	happama-
Western Central Finland (Läntinen Keski-Suomi) [Savonian dialects]	Alajärvi, Evijärvi, Keuruu, Lappajärvi, Lehtimäki, Vimpeli, Ähtäri	happame-
	Vimpeli	happama-
Southern Central Finland (Eteläinen Keski-Suomi) [Savonian dialects]	Joutsa, Jämsä, Koskenpää, Pertunmaa	happame-
	Joutsa, Jämsä, Sysmä	happama-
Northern Savonia (Pohjois-Savo) [Savonian dialects]	Heinävesi, Iisalmi, Jäppilä, Kaavi, Kiuruvesi, Pielavesi, Pyhäjärvi (Ol), Rantasalmi, Siilinjärvi, Tervo, Tuusniemi, Vehmersalmi, Vieremä, Virtasalmi	happame-
	Haukivuori, Kiuruvesi, Pieksämäki	happama-
Southern Savonia (Etelä-Savo) [Savonian dialects]	Anttola, Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Kerimäki, Mikkeli, Puumala, Savonranta, Sulkava, Sääminki	happame-
	Hirvensalmi, Mäntyharju	happama-
Northern Karelia (Pohjois-Karjala) [Savonian dialects]	Ilomantsi, Kesälahti, Kiihtelysvaara, Kitee, Kontiolahti, Liperi, Nurmes, Pielisjärvi, Polvijärvi, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Valtimo	happame-
	Polvijärvi, Rautavaara, Valtimo	happama-
Central Karelia (Keski-Karjala) [Southeastern dialects]	Gromovo (Sakkola), Kurkijoki, Melnikovskoye (Räisälä), Otradnoye (Pyhäjärvi (Vpl)), Parikkala, Sortavala, Yakkima (Jaakkima)	happame-
	Gromovo (Sakkola), Melnikovskoye (Räisälä), Otradnoye (Pyhäjärvi (Vpl))	happama-
Southern Karelia (Etelä-Karjala) [Southeastern dialects]	Joutseno, Kamennogorsk (Antrea), Lemi, Michurinskoye (Valkjärvi), Ozyorskoye (Vuoksenranta), Pervomayskoye (Kivennapa), Pionerskoye (Kuolemajärvi), Polyany (Uusikirkko (Vpl)), Rautjärvi, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Sovetsky (Johannes), Svobodnoye (Kirvu), Taipalsaari, Veshchevo (Heinjoki), Yashino (Vahviala), Ylämaa	happame-
	Pervomayskoye (Kivennapa), Polyany (Uusikirkko (Vpl)), Rautjärvi, Virolahti	happama-
Ingria (Inkeri) [Southeastern dialects]	Dudergof (Tuutari/Tuuteri)	happame-
Värmland (Vermlanti) [Savonian dialects]	Värmland (Vermlanti)	happame-
The classification of and data for regional dialects is based on pre-1950s data. Since the 1950s, the dialects have become increasingly mixed, levelled and influenced by Standard Finnish. Besides Standard Finnish, a relatively uniform and originally urban 'colloquial Finnish' is beginning to emerge in their place, especially in the cities. (edit data) Source: Suomen murteiden sanakirja by Kotimaisten kielten keskus (CC BY 4.0)

Declension

Inflection of hapan (Kotus type 35*B/lämmin, pp–p gradation)
nominative		hapan	happamat
genitive		happaman	happamien
partitive		hapanta	happamia
illative		happamaan	happamiin
		singular	plural
nominative		hapan	happamat
accusative	nom.	hapan	happamat
	gen.	happaman
genitive		happaman	happamien happamain rare
partitive		hapanta	happamia
inessive		happamassa	happamissa
elative		happamasta	happamista
illative		happamaan	happamiin
adessive		happamalla	happamilla
ablative		happamalta	happamilta
allative		happamalle	happamille
essive		happamana	happamina
translative		happamaksi	happamiksi
abessive		happamatta	happamitta
instructive		—	happamin
comitative		—	happamine

Possessive forms of hapan (Kotus type 35*B/lämmin, pp–p gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative happamani happamani accusative nom. happamani happamani gen. happamani genitive happamani happamieni happamaini rare partitive hapantani happamiani inessive happamassani happamissani elative happamastani happamistani illative happamaani happamiini adessive happamallani happamillani ablative happamaltani happamiltani allative happamalleni happamilleni essive happamanani happaminani translative happamakseni happamikseni abessive happamattani happamittani instructive — — comitative — happamineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative happamasi happamasi accusative nom. happamasi happamasi gen. happamasi genitive happamasi happamiesi happamaisi rare partitive hapantasi happamiasi inessive happamassasi happamissasi elative happamastasi happamistasi illative happamaasi happamiisi adessive happamallasi happamillasi ablative happamaltasi happamiltasi allative happamallesi happamillesi essive happamanasi happaminasi translative happamaksesi happamiksesi abessive happamattasi happamittasi instructive — — comitative — happaminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative happamamme happamamme accusative nom. happamamme happamamme gen. happamamme genitive happamamme happamiemme happamaimme rare partitive hapantamme happamiamme inessive happamassamme happamissamme elative happamastamme happamistamme illative happamaamme happamiimme adessive happamallamme happamillamme ablative happamaltamme happamiltamme allative happamallemme happamillemme essive happamanamme happaminamme translative happamaksemme happamiksemme abessive happamattamme happamittamme instructive — — comitative — happaminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative happamanne happamanne accusative nom. happamanne happamanne gen. happamanne genitive happamanne happamienne happamainne rare partitive hapantanne happamianne inessive happamassanne happamissanne elative happamastanne happamistanne illative happamaanne happamiinne adessive happamallanne happamillanne ablative happamaltanne happamiltanne allative happamallenne happamillenne essive happamananne happaminanne translative happamaksenne happamiksenne abessive happamattanne happamittanne instructive — — comitative — happaminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative happamansa happamansa accusative nom. happamansa happamansa gen. happamansa genitive happamansa happamiensa happamainsa rare partitive hapantaan hapantansa happamiaan happamiansa inessive happamassaan happamassansa happamissaan happamissansa elative happamastaan happamastansa happamistaan happamistansa illative happamaansa happamiinsa adessive happamallaan happamallansa happamillaan happamillansa ablative happamaltaan happamaltansa happamiltaan happamiltansa allative happamalleen happamallensa happamilleen happamillensa essive happamanaan happamanansa happaminaan happaminansa translative happamakseen happamaksensa happamikseen happamiksensa abessive happamattaan happamattansa happamittaan happamittansa instructive — — comitative — happamineen happaminensa

Inflection of hapan (Kotus type 33*B/kytkin, pp–p gradation)
nominative		hapan	happamet
genitive		happamen	happamien hapanten
partitive		hapanta	happamia
illative		happameen	happamiin
		singular	plural
nominative		hapan	happamet
accusative	nom.	hapan	happamet
	gen.	happamen
genitive		happamen	happamien hapanten
partitive		hapanta	happamia
inessive		happamessa	happamissa
elative		happamesta	happamista
illative		happameen	happamiin
adessive		happamella	happamilla
ablative		happamelta	happamilta
allative		happamelle	happamille
essive		happamena	happamina
translative		happameksi	happamiksi
abessive		happametta	happamitta
instructive		—	happamin
comitative		—	happamine

Possessive forms of hapan (Kotus type 33*B/kytkin, pp–p gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative happameni happameni accusative nom. happameni happameni gen. happameni genitive happameni happamieni hapanteni partitive hapantani happamiani inessive happamessani happamissani elative happamestani happamistani illative happameeni happamiini adessive happamellani happamillani ablative happameltani happamiltani allative happamelleni happamilleni essive happamenani happaminani translative happamekseni happamikseni abessive happamettani happamittani instructive — — comitative — happamineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative happamesi happamesi accusative nom. happamesi happamesi gen. happamesi genitive happamesi happamiesi hapantesi partitive hapantasi happamiasi inessive happamessasi happamissasi elative happamestasi happamistasi illative happameesi happamiisi adessive happamellasi happamillasi ablative happameltasi happamiltasi allative happamellesi happamillesi essive happamenasi happaminasi translative happameksesi happamiksesi abessive happamettasi happamittasi instructive — — comitative — happaminesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative happamemme happamemme accusative nom. happamemme happamemme gen. happamemme genitive happamemme happamiemme hapantemme partitive hapantamme happamiamme inessive happamessamme happamissamme elative happamestamme happamistamme illative happameemme happamiimme adessive happamellamme happamillamme ablative happameltamme happamiltamme allative happamellemme happamillemme essive happamenamme happaminamme translative happameksemme happamiksemme abessive happamettamme happamittamme instructive — — comitative — happaminemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative happamenne happamenne accusative nom. happamenne happamenne gen. happamenne genitive happamenne happamienne hapantenne partitive hapantanne happamianne inessive happamessanne happamissanne elative happamestanne happamistanne illative happameenne happamiinne adessive happamellanne happamillanne ablative happameltanne happamiltanne allative happamellenne happamillenne essive happamenanne happaminanne translative happameksenne happamiksenne abessive happamettanne happamittanne instructive — — comitative — happaminenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative happamensa happamensa accusative nom. happamensa happamensa gen. happamensa genitive happamensa happamiensa hapantensa partitive hapantaan hapantansa happamiaan happamiansa inessive happamessaan happamessansa happamissaan happamissansa elative happamestaan happamestansa happamistaan happamistansa illative happameensa happamiinsa adessive happamellaan happamellansa happamillaan happamillansa ablative happameltaan happameltansa happamiltaan happamiltansa allative happamelleen happamellensa happamilleen happamillensa essive happamenaan happamenansa happaminaan happaminansa translative happamekseen happameksensa happamikseen happamiksensa abessive happamettaan happamettansa happamittaan happamittansa instructive — — comitative — happamineen happaminensa

Derived terms

adjectives

• hapahko
• hapoinen
• happamahko
• happamaton

adverbs

• happamasti
• happamesti

nouns

• happamuus
• happo

verbs

• hapantua
• hapata
• happamoittaa
• happamoitua

compounds

• hapanappelsiini
• hapanhai
• hapanimelä
• hapanjuuri
• hapankaali
• hapankala
• hapankerma
• hapankirsikka
• hapankorppu
• hapankurkku
• hapanlaskeuma
• hapanleipä
• hapanlohko
• hapanmaito
• hapanmultamaannos
• hapannaama
• hapanolut
• hapansavimaannos
• hapansilakka
• hapantaikina
• hapanvelli
• happamanmakea

Further reading

• “hapan”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2 July 2023

Anagrams

• pahan, pahna

Ingrian

Alternative forms

• hapa

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin. Cognates include Finnish hapan and Estonian hapu.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑpɑˑn]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑb̥ɑˑn]
• (Hevaha) IPA^(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑb̥ɑˑn]
• Rhymes: -ɑpɑn
• Hyphenation: ha‧pan

Adjective

hapan (comparative happamamp)

1. sour

Declension

Declension of hapan (type 15/hapan, pp-p gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	hapan	happamat
genitive	happaman	happamiin
partitive	hapanta, hapant	happamia
illative	happamaa	happamii
inessive	happamaas	happamiis
elative	happamast	happamist
allative	happamalle	happamille
adessive	happamaal	happamiil
ablative	happamalt	happamilt
translative	happamaks	happamiks
essive	happamanna, happamaan	happaminna, happamiin
exessive1)	happamant	happamint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• hapan maito
• hapanrokka
• hapantaa
• hapantaikina
• hapanvesi
• hapata
• happo

Adjective

hapan

1. genitive/accusative singular of hapa

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 40
• Arvo Laanest (1997), Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 28

Karelian

Regional variants of hapan

North Karelian (Viena)	hapan
South Karelian (Tver)	hapan

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin. Cognates include Finnish hapan and Estonian hapu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/
• Hyphenation: ha‧pan

Adjective

hapan (genitive happamen, partitive hapanta / hapanda, comparative happamampi / happamambi, superlative happamin)

1. rotten
2. (North Karelian) sour

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of hapan (type 12/hapan, pp-p gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	hapan	happamet
genitive	happamen	happamien
partitive	hapanta	happamie
illative	happameh	happamih
inessive	happamešša	happamissa
elative	happamešta	happamista
adessive	happamella	happamilla
ablative	happamelta	happamilta
translative	happamekši	happamiksi
essive	happamina	happamina
comitative	—	happamineh
abessive	happametta	happamitta
prolative	—	—
instructive	—	happamin

Tver Karelian declension of hapan (type 12/hapan, pp-p gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	hapan	happamet
genitive	happamen	happamien
partitive	hapanda	happamie
illative	happameh	happamih
inessive	happamešša	happamissa
elative	happamešta	happamista
adessive	happamella	happamilla
ablative	happamelda	happamilda
translative	happamekši	happamiksi
essive	happamina	happamina
comitative	happamenke	happaminke
abessive	happametta	happamitta
prolative	happamečči	happamičči
instructive	—	happamin

Possessive forms of hapan
1st person	happameni
2nd person	happameš
3rd person	happameh
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994), “hapan”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• P. Zaykov; L. Rugoyeva (1999), “hapan”, in Карельско-Русский словарь (Северно-Карельские диалекты) [Karelian-Russian dictionary (North Karelian dialects)], Petrozavodsk, →ISBN