machina

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ma.ʃi.na/
• Homophones: machinas, machinât

Verb

machina

1. third-person singular past historic of machiner

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈma.ki.na/
• Rhymes: -akina
• Hyphenation: mà‧chi‧na,
• IPA^(key): /ˈma.ɡi.na/
• Rhymes: -aɡina

Noun

machina f (plural machine)

1. (archaic or dialectal, Romanesco) alternative form of macchina

Latin

Etymology

Borrowed from Doric Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhănā́, “machine, tool”) (compare Attic Greek μηχανή (mēkhanḗ)). A very early borrowing, considering the vowel reduction of unstressed /a/ to /i/.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈmaː.kʰɪ.na]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈmaː.ki.na]

Noun

māchina f (genitive māchinae); first declension

1. contrivance
2. war machine, military engine, siege engine
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.45–48:

     “Aut hōc inclūsī lignō occultantur Achīvī,
     aut haec in nostrōs fabricāta est māchina mūrōs,
     īnspectūra domōs ventūraque dēsuper urbī,
     aut aliquis latet error [...].”

     “Either the Grecian [warriors], having enclosed [themselves] in this wood[en horse], are hiding [there], or else they have built a [war] machine [for use] against our walls, to watch [our] homes and reach [our] city from above, or it conceals some other deception [...].” – Laocoön
     (See: Roman siege engines.)

3. scaffold
4. platform
5. scheme, plan, machination
6. mill

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	māchina	māchinae
genitive	māchinae	māchinārum
dative	māchinae	māchinīs
accusative	māchinam	māchinās
ablative	māchinā	māchinīs
vocative	māchina	māchinae

Derived terms

• deus ex māchinā
• māchinālis
• māchinārius
• māchinō
• māchinor
• māchinula

Related terms

• mechanismus

Descendants

• Italo-Dalmatian:
  • Dalmatian: mucna
  • Italian: macina

    Tuscan: maina (Lucca)

• Gallo-Italic:
  • Lombard: masna (Alpine)
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: maghina
• ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *māchineum
  • Italian: macigno

Borrowings:

• → Albanian: makinë
• → Arabic: ماكينة (mākīna)
  • → Central Kurdish: مەکینە (mekîne)
• → Asturian: máquina
• → Catalan: màquina
• → Egyptian Arabic: مكنة (makana)
• → Friulian: màchine
• → Galician: máquina
• → Hebrew: מכונה (mkhoná)
• → Hijazi Arabic: مَكِينَة (makīna)
• → Italian: macchina (see there for further descendants)
• → Middle French: machine
  • French: machine (see there for further descendants)
  • → English: machine (see there for further descendants)
• → Norman: machinne
• → Occitan: maquina
• → Polish: machina
• → Portuguese: máquina
• → Romansch: maschina, maschegna
• → Sicilian: màchina
  • → Maltese: magna, makna, makina (obsolete)
• → Spanish: máquina (see there for further descendants)

References

• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911), “machĭna”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 376

Further reading

• “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "machina", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “machina”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• machina in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[1], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin māchina, from Doric Ancient Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhănā́). Doublet of maszyna (“machine”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /maˈxi.na/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ina
• Syllabification: ma‧chi‧na

Noun

machina f

1. heavy machinery
2. complex system
3. (archaic) machine

   Synonym: maszyna

Declension

Declension of machina

	singular	plural
nominative	machina	machiny
genitive	machiny	machin
dative	machinie	machinom
accusative	machinę	machiny
instrumental	machiną	machinami
locative	machinie	machinach
vocative	machino	machiny

Further reading

• machina in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• machina in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Noun

machina f (plural machinas)

1. pre-reform spelling (used until 1943 in Brazil and 1911 in Portugal) of máquina