machina

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ma.ʃi.na/
• Homophones: machinas, machinât

Verb

machina

1. third-person singular past historic of machiner

Italian

Noun

machina f (plural machine)

1. (archaic or dialectal) Alternative form of macchina

Latin

Etymology

Borrowed from Doric Greek μᾱχανᾱ́ (mākhanā́, “machine, tool”) (compare Attic Greek μηχανή (mēkhanḗ)). Apparently a rather early borrowing, considering the vowel reduction of unstressed /a/ to /ĭ/.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈmaː.kʰi.na/, [ˈmäːkʰɪnä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.ki.na/, [ˈmäːkinä]

Noun

māchina f (genitive māchinae); first declension

1. machine
   • specifically, a war machine, military engine, siege engine
     • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.45–48:

       “Aut hoc inclūsī lignō occultantur Achīvī,
       aut haec in nostrōs fabricāta est māchina mūrōs,
       īnspectūra domōs ventūraque dēsuper urbī,
       aut aliquis latet error [...].”

       “Either the Grecian [warriors], having enclosed [themselves] in this wood[en horse], are hiding [there], or else they have built a [war] machine [for use] against our walls, to watch [our] homes and reach [our] city from above, or it conceals some other deception [...].” – Laocoön
       (See: Roman siege engines.)

2. scheme, plan, machination
3. mill

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	māchina	māchinae
Genitive	māchinae	māchinārum
Dative	māchinae	māchinīs
Accusative	māchinam	māchinās
Ablative	māchinā	māchinīs
Vocative	māchina	māchinae

Derived terms

• deus ex māchinā
• māchinālis
• māchinārius
• māchinō
• māchinor
• māchinula

Related terms

• mechanismus

Descendants

• Dalmatian: mucna
• Italian: macina

  Tuscan: maina (Lucca)

• Lombard: masna (Alpine)
• Sardinian: maghina

Learned borrowings:

• → Albanian: makinë
• → Arabic: ماكينة (mākīna)
  • → Central Kurdish: مەکینە (mekîne)
• → Asturian: máquina
• → Catalan: màquina
• → Egyptian Arabic: مكنة (makana)
• → Friulian: màchine
• → Galician: máquina
• → Hebrew: מכונה (mkhoná)
• → Hijazi Arabic: مَكِينَة (makīna)
• → Italian: macchina, machina
  • → Amharic: መኪና (mäkina)
  • → Ottoman Turkish: ماكینه (makina), ماكنه (makina)
    • Turkish: makine
      • → Northern Kurdish: makîne f
    • → Armenian: մաքինա (makʻina)
  • → Slavomolisano: magina
• → Middle French: machine
  • French: machine (see there for further descendants)
  • → English: machine (see there for further descendants)
• → Norman: machinne
• → Occitan: maquina
• → Polish: machina
• → Portuguese: máquina
• → Romansch: maschina, maschegna
• → Sicilian: màchina
  • → Maltese: magna, makna; makina
• → Spanish: máquina (see there for further descendants)

References

• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911) “machĭna”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 376

Further reading

• “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “machina”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• machina in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• machina in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• machina in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[1], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

Polish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin māchina, from Doric Ancient Greek μᾱχᾰνᾱ́ (mākhanā́). Doublet of maszyna (“machine”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /maˈxi.na/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ina
• Syllabification: ma‧chi‧na

Noun

machina f

1. heavy machinery
2. complex system
3. (archaic) machine

   Synonym: maszyna

Declension

Declension of machina

	singular	plural
nominative	machina	machiny
genitive	machiny	machin
dative	machinie	machinom
accusative	machinę	machiny
instrumental	machiną	machinami
locative	machinie	machinach
vocative	machino	machiny

Further reading

• machina in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• machina in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Noun

machina f (plural machinas)

1. Pre-reform spelling (until Brazil 1943/Portugal 1911) of máquina.