s- ( causative prefix ) + rwḏ ( “ to be firm ” ) .
caus. 3-lit.
( transitive ) to strengthen
c. 2112–2063 BCE (reign of Intef II ) , Funerary stele of Rediu-Khnum from his tomb at Dendera (UE 6) (Cairo CG 20543), line A13–A14:[ 1] [ 2]
srwd.n (.j) gmt.n(.j) wzṯ(.w) ṯz.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) fdq(.w) mḥ.n(.j) gmt.n(.j) jꜣṯ(.w)I made firm what I found dilapidated; I joined together what I found cut apart; I replenished what I found injured.
( transitive ) to make endure , to perpetuate (offerings to the gods)
Conjugation of srwḏ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: srwḏ
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
srwḏ
srwḏw , srwḏ
srwḏt
srwḏ
srwḏ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
srwḏ
ḥr srwḏ
m srwḏ
r srwḏ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
srwḏ.n
srwḏw , srwḏ
consecutive
srwḏ.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
srwḏt
perfective 3
srwḏ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
srwḏ.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
srwḏ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
srwḏw , srwḏ , srwḏy
srwḏw , srwḏ , srwḏy
potentialis1
srwḏ.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
srwḏ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
srwḏ.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
srwḏ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
srwḏ
srwḏ , srwḏw 5 , srwḏy 5
imperfective
srwḏ , srwḏy , srwḏw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
srwḏ , srwḏj 6 , srwḏy 6
srwḏ , srwḏw 5
prospective
srwḏ , srwḏtj 7
—
srwḏwtj 1 4 , srwḏtj 4 , srwḏt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of srwḏ
Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN , page 147
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1930 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 194.7–194.23