travailler

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French

Etymology

From Middle French travailler, from Old French traveillier (“to suffer”), from Vulgar Latin *tripaliāre, present active infinitive of *tripaliō (“to torture; to toil, labor”), from tripalium (“torture instrument”), from Latin tripālis (“having three stakes”). Compare Franco-Provençal travalyer, Catalan treballar, Portuguese trabalhar, Spanish trabajar, and English travail. Also compare English travel.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tʁa.va.je/
  • audio:(file)

Verb

travailler

  1. to work
  2. to study
  3. to struggle
    "Elle, qui n'était pas grosse comme un œuf / envieuse s'étend, et s'enfle, et se travaille / pour égaler l'animal en grosseur" - Jean De La Fontaine
    It, no larger than an egg, envious, elongated, stretched, and struggled / to equal the animal in size

Conjugation

Conjugation of travailler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple travailler
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple travaillant
/tʁa.va.jɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle travaillé
/tʁa.va.je/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present travaille
/tʁa.vaj/ 		travailles
/tʁa.vaj/ 		travaille
/tʁa.vaj/ 		travaillons
/tʁa.va.jɔ̃/ 		travaillez
/tʁa.va.je/ 		travaillent
/tʁa.vaj/
imperfect travaillais
/tʁa.va.jɛ/ 		travaillais
/tʁa.va.jɛ/ 		travaillait
/tʁa.va.jɛ/ 		travaillions
/tʁa.vaj.jɔ̃/ 		travailliez
/tʁa.vaj.je/ 		travaillaient
/tʁa.va.jɛ/
past historic2 travaillai
/tʁa.va.je/ 		travaillas
/tʁa.va.ja/ 		travailla
/tʁa.va.ja/ 		travaillâmes
/tʁa.va.jam/ 		travaillâtes
/tʁa.va.jat/ 		travaillèrent
/tʁa.va.jɛʁ/
future travaillerai
/tʁa.vaj.ʁe/ 		travailleras
/tʁa.vaj.ʁa/ 		travaillera
/tʁa.vaj.ʁa/ 		travaillerons
/tʁa.vaj.ʁɔ̃/ 		travaillerez
/tʁa.vaj.ʁe/ 		travailleront
/tʁa.vaj.ʁɔ̃/
conditional travaillerais
/tʁa.vaj.ʁɛ/ 		travaillerais
/tʁa.vaj.ʁɛ/ 		travaillerait
/tʁa.vaj.ʁɛ/ 		travaillerions
/tʁa.va.jə.ʁjɔ̃/ 		travailleriez
/tʁa.va.jə.ʁje/ 		travailleraient
/tʁa.vaj.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present travaille
/tʁa.vaj/ 		travailles
/tʁa.vaj/ 		travaille
/tʁa.vaj/ 		travaillions
/tʁa.vaj.jɔ̃/ 		travailliez
/tʁa.vaj.je/ 		travaillent
/tʁa.vaj/
imperfect2 travaillasse
/tʁa.va.jas/ 		travaillasses
/tʁa.va.jas/ 		travaillât
/tʁa.va.ja/ 		travaillassions
/tʁa.va.ja.sjɔ̃/ 		travaillassiez
/tʁa.va.ja.sje/ 		travaillassent
/tʁa.va.jas/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — travaille
/tʁa.vaj/ 		— travaillons
/tʁa.va.jɔ̃/ 		travaillez
/tʁa.va.je/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Synonyms

Further reading

Middle French

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old French traveiller.

Verb

travailler

  1. to suffer (be in a state of suffering)

Conjugation

  • Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of travailler
infinitive simple travailler
compound avoir + past participle
present participle1 or gerund2 simple travaillant
compound present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle
past participle travaillé
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative ie (i’) tu il, elle nous vous ilz, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present travaille travailles travaille travaillons travaillez travaillent
imperfect travaillois, travailloys travaillois, travailloys travailloit, travailloyt travaillions, travaillyons travailliez, travaillyez travailloient, travailloyent
past historic travailla travaillas travailla travaillasmes travaillastes travaillerent
future travaillerai, travailleray travailleras travaillera travaillerons travaillerez travailleront
conditional travaillerois, travailleroys travaillerois, travailleroys travailleroit, travailleroyt travaillerions, travailleryons travailleriez, travailleryez travailleroient, travailleroyent
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que ie (i’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present travaille travailles travaille travaillons travaillez travaillent
imperfect travaillasse travaillasses travaillast travaillassions travaillassiez travaillassent
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — travaille — travaillons travaillez —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Descendants

  • French: travailler

Old French

Verb

travailler

  1. Alternative form of traveillier

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-aill, *-aills, *-aillt are modified to ail, auz, aut. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of travailler (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple compound
infinitive travailler avoir travaillé
gerund en travaillant gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle travaillant
past participle travaillé
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu il nos vos il
simple
tenses 		present travail travailles travaille travaillons travaillez travaillent
imperfect travailloie, travailleie, travailloe, travailleve travailloies, travailleies, travailloes, travailleves travailloit, travailleit, travaillot, travailleve travailliiens, travailliens travailliiez, travailliez travailloient, travailleient, travailloent, travaillevent
preterite travaillai travaillas travailla travaillames travaillastes travaillerent
future travaillerai travailleras travaillera travaillerons travailleroiz, travaillereiz, travaillerez travailleront
conditional travailleroie, travaillereie travailleroies, travaillereies travailleroit, travaillereit travailleriiens, travailleriens travailleriiez, travailleriez travailleroient, travaillereient
compound
tenses 		present perfect present tense of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
past anterior preterite tense of avoir + past participle
future perfect future tense of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que jo que tu qu’il que nos que vos qu’il
simple
tenses 		present travail travauz travaut travaillons travaillez travaillent
imperfect travaillasse travaillasses travaillast travaillissons, travaillissiens travaillissoiz, travaillissez, travaillissiez travaillassent
compound
tenses 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nos vos –
— travaille — travaillons travaillez —
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