trudny
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *trudьnъ. By surface analysis, trud + -ny. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]trudny (derived adverb trudnie or trudno)
- (attested in Greater Poland) difficult, hard (requiring effort and overcoming obstacles)
- 1916 [second half of the 15th century], Stanisław Słoński, editor, Psałterz puławski[1], Greater Poland, pages 16, 5:
- Prze slowa warg twoych ya yesm strzegl drog trudnych (vias duras)
- [Prze słowa warg twoich ja jeśm strzegł drog trudnych (vias duras)]
- difficult, hard (requiring much mental effort)
- 1885-2024 [1444], Jan Baudouina de Courtenay, Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Adam Kryńskiego, Malinowski Lucjan, editors, Prace Filologiczne[2], volume IV, page 590:
- Trudna albo tagemna
- [Trudna albo tajemna]
- (attested in Lesser Poland) difficult (annoying, causing pain, burdensome)
- c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie[3], Miechów, page br 31:
- Tacy dobre sø pres onogo nemochnego paralitica trvdnø nemocø urazonego znamonuiø
- [Tacy dobrze się przez onogo niemocnego paralityka, trudną niemocą urażonego, znamionują]
- sad; full of pain
- Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[4], page 507:
- Lyvbo my to, aby […] s vamy vyelykonocz v Yerusalem, alyecz bądzye barzo *gorzka a *trudna vam y ye to vyelykonoczne svyato
- [Lubo mi to, aby […] s wami Wielikonoc w Jerusalem, aleć będzie barzo gorzkie a trudne wam i je to wielikonocne święto]
- (of bread) given in small amounts
- (attested in Lesser Poland) sick, ill; suffering
Derived terms
[edit]- trudna impf
Related terms
[edit]- trudzić impf
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “trudny”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Mańczak, Witold (2017) “trudny”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “trudny”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish trudny. By surface analysis, trud + -ny.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɨ/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɨ/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -udnɨ
- Syllabification: trud‧ny
Adjective
[edit]trudny (comparative trudniejszy, superlative najtrudniejszy, derived adverb trudno)
- difficult (hard, not easy, requiring much effort)
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:trudny
- Antonyms: lekki, łatwy
- difficult (not easily understandable)
- difficult (filled with hardship)
- Synonym: ciężki
- difficult (hard to manage, uncooperative, troublesome)
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | virile (= masculine personal) | non-virile | |
nominative | trudny | trudna | trudne | trudni | trudne | |
genitive | trudnego | trudnej | trudnego | trudnych | ||
dative | trudnemu | trudnej | trudnemu | trudnym | ||
accusative | trudnego | trudny | trudną | trudne | trudnych | trudne |
instrumental | trudnym | trudną | trudnym | trudnymi | ||
locative | trudnym | trudnej | trudnym | trudnych |
Derived terms
[edit]- trudnić impf
Related terms
[edit]Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trudny is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 30 times in scientific texts, 13 times in news, 38 times in essays, 11 times in fiction, and 12 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 104 times, making it the 599th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- trudny in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- trudny in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “trudny”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “TRUDNY”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 15.09.2023
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “trudny”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “trudny”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “trudny”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 126
Silesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish trudny. By surface analysis, trud + -ny.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]trudny (derived adverb trudno)
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | neuter | feminine | virile | nonvirile | ||
nominative | trudny | trudne | trudnŏ | trudni | trudne | |
genitive | trudnego | trudnyj | trudnych | |||
dative | trudnymu | trudnyj | trudnym | |||
accusative | animate | trudnego | trudne | trudnõ | trudnych | trudne |
inanimate | trudny | |||||
instrumental | trudnym | trudnōm | trudnymi | |||
locative | trudnym | trudnyj | trudnych | |||
vocative | trudny | trudne | trudnŏ | trudni | trudne |
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- trudny in silling.org
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms suffixed with -ny
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish adjectives
- Greater Poland Old Polish
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms suffixed with -ny
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/udnɨ
- Rhymes:Polish/udnɨ/2 syllables
- Polish lemmas
- Polish adjectives
- Polish hard adjectives
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms suffixed with -ny
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/udnɪ
- Rhymes:Silesian/udnɪ/2 syllables
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian adjectives