توان

See also: ثوان

Malay

Noun

توان (plural توان-توان or توان۲, informal 1st possessive توانکو, 2nd possessive توانمو, 3rd possessive توانڽ)

1. Jawi spelling of tuan

Persian

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (twbʾn' /⁠tuwān⁠/, “might; power”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell, grow, become strong”). Compare Sanskrit तवस् (tavas, “force, power”), Avestan 𐬙𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tutauua, “to be able”), Proto-Slavic *tỳti (“to become fat”), Ancient Greek σῶς (sôs, “safe and sound”). Note that the verb is from the noun, not the other way around.

Pronunciation 1

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [tu.ˈwɑːn], [ta.ˈwɑːn]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɔ́ːn]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.vɒ́ːn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.vɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading?	tuwān, tawān
Dari reading?	tawān
Iranian reading?	tavân
Tajik reading?	tavon

• Audio (Iran)

  (file)

Noun

توان • (tavân)

1. power, stamina

   Synonyms: قدرت (qodrat), نیرو (niru)

2. (physics, engineering) power
3. (mathematics) exponent

Derived terms

• توانگر (tavângar, “rich,wealthy”)
• توانگری (tavângari, “riches, wealth”)
• ناتوان (nâtavân, “powerless”)

 

Pronunciation 2

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [tu.ˈwɑːn], [ta.ˈwɑːn]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰɑːn], [t̪ʰʊn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɔ́ːn]

 

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.vɒ́ːn]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.vɒ́ːn]
  • (Tehrani) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰuːn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.vɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading?	tuwān, tawān
Dari reading?	tawān
Iranian reading?	tavân
Tajik reading?	tavon

• Audio (Iran)

  (file)

Verb

توان • (tavân)

1. present stem form of توانستن (tavânestan)

References

• Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 386-7
• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “توان”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
• Vullers, Johann August (1855) “توان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[1] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 475a
• Wolff, Fritz (1935) Glossar zu Firdosis Schahname‎^[2] (in German), Berlin: Reichsdruckerei, page 250b