散る

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
散
ち Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ちる [chìrú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiɾɯ̟ᵝ]

• Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "散る"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	散る	ちる	[chìrú]
Imperative (命令形)	散れ	ちれ	[chìré]
Key constructions
Passive	散られる	ちられる	[chìrárérú]
Causative	散らせる	ちらせる	[chìrásérú]
Potential	-	-	-
Volitional	散ろう	ちろ​ー	[chìróꜜò]
Negative	散らない	ちらない	[chìránáí]
Negative perfective	散らなかった	ちらな​かった	[chìránáꜜkàttà]
Formal	散ります	ちりま​す	[chìrímáꜜsù]
Perfective	散った	ちった	[chìttá]
Conjunctive	散って	ちって	[chìtté]
Hypothetical conditional	散れば	ちれ​ば	[chìréꜜbà]

Verb

散(ち)る • (chiru) intransitive godan (stem 散(ち)り (chiri), past 散(ち)った (chitta))

Japanese verb pair
active	散(ち)らす (散(ち)らす)
mediopassive	散(ち)る (散(ち)る)

1. to become separated and scatter, such as leaves or blossoms
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:

     伊毛何美斯 阿布知乃波那波 知利奴倍斯 和何那久那美多 伊摩陀飛那久尓

     いもがみし あふちのはなは ちりぬべし わがなくなみた いまだひなくに
     imo ga mi shi afuchi no hana wa chirinu beshi wa ga naku namita ima da hi naku ni

Conjugation

Conjugation of "散る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	散ら	ちら	chira
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	散り	ちり	chiri
Shūshikei ("terminal")	散る	ちる	chiru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	散る	ちる	chiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	散れ	ちれ	chire
Meireikei ("imperative")	散れ	ちれ	chire
Key constructions
Passive	散られる	ちられる	chirareru
Causative	散らせる 散らす	ちらせる ちらす	chiraseru chirasu
Potential	散れる	ちれる	chireru
Volitional	散ろう	ちろう	chirō
Negative	散らない	ちらない	chiranai
Negative continuative	散らず	ちらず	chirazu
Formal	散ります	ちります	chirimasu
Perfective	散った	ちった	chitta
Conjunctive	散って	ちって	chitte
Hypothetical conditional	散れば	ちれば	chireba

Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	散ら	ちら	tira
Continuative (連用形)	散り	ちり	tiri
Terminal (終止形)	散る	ちる	tiru
Attributive (連体形)	散る	ちる	tiru
Realis (已然形)	散れ	ちれ	tire
Imperative (命令形)	散れ	ちれ	tire
Key constructions
Negative	散らず	ちらず	tirazu
Contrasting conjunction	散れど	ちれど	tiredo
Causal conjunction	散れば	ちれば	tireba
Conditional conjunction	散らば	ちらば	tiraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	散りき	ちりき	tiriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	散りけり	ちりけり	tirikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	散りつ	ちりつ	tiritu
Perfect tense (natural event)	散りぬ	ちりぬ	tirinu
Perfect-continuative tense	散れり 散りたり	ちれり ちりたり	tireri tiritari
Volitional	散らむ	ちらむ	tiramu

Synonyms

• (fall): 落(お)ちる (ochiru)
• (fall): 落下(らっか)する (rakka suru)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 散(ち)り (chiri), 散(ちり) (chiri): (construction) a misalignment between two adjoining surfaces
• 塵(ちり) (chiri): dust; trash
• 散(ち)らす (chirasu): to scatter or disperse something; to distract or divert attention
• 散(ち)らし (chirashi): a flier, a handbill
• 散(ち)らし寿司(ずし) (chirashizushi): chirashi sushi: sushi topped with various ingredients
• 砕(くだ)け散(ち)る (kudakechiru): to be smashed up, to break to pieces

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
散
あ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
離る

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE. Currently obsolete.

Cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough, harsh”), 荒れる (areru, “to become wild, rough, unkempt, dilapidated; to be violent, crazy, wild, disordered”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [a̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

散(あ)る • (aru) intransitive ^†nidan

1. (obsolete) to become scattered
2. (obsolete) to become distant, to fade away, to wane

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	散れ	あれ	are
Continuative (連用形)	散れ	あれ	are
Terminal (終止形)	散る	ある	aru
Attributive (連体形)	散るる	あるる	aruru
Realis (已然形)	散るれ	あるれ	arure
Imperative (命令形)	散れよ	あれよ	areyo
Key constructions
Negative	散れず	あれず	arezu
Contrasting conjunction	散るれど	あるれど	aruredo
Causal conjunction	散るれば	あるれば	arureba
Conditional conjunction	散れば	あれば	areba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	散れき	あれき	areki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	散れけり	あれけり	arekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	散れつ	あれつ	aretu
Perfect tense (natural event)	散れぬ	あれぬ	arenu
Perfect-continuative tense	散れたり	あれたり	aretari
Volitional	散れむ	あれむ	aremu

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
散
あか Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
別る

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kagerō Nikki, dated 974 CE. Currently obsolete.

Plural counterpart to 分かる (wakaru, “one thing separates from another”), implying more a sense of scatter (as of many things). Intransitive counterpart to 散つ (akatsu, “to separate or scatter multiple things”), itself the plural counterpart to 分かつ (wakatsu, “to separate one thing from another”). Compare underlying root verbs aku (明く, 開く, 空く: "to open, to spread, to empty") and waku (分く, 別く: "to split, to divide").

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [a̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

散(あか)る • (akaru) intransitive ^†nidan

1. (obsolete) to scatter, to become dispersed

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	散れ	あかれ	akare
Continuative (連用形)	散れ	あかれ	akare
Terminal (終止形)	散る	あかる	akaru
Attributive (連体形)	散るる	あかるる	akaruru
Realis (已然形)	散るれ	あかるれ	akarure
Imperative (命令形)	散れよ	あかれよ	akareyo
Key constructions
Negative	散れず	あかれず	akarezu
Contrasting conjunction	散るれど	あかるれど	akaruredo
Causal conjunction	散るれば	あかるれば	akarureba
Conditional conjunction	散れば	あかれば	akareba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	散れき	あかれき	akareki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	散れけり	あかれけり	akarekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	散れつ	あかれつ	akaretu
Perfect tense (natural event)	散れぬ	あかれぬ	akarenu
Perfect-continuative tense	散れたり	あかれたり	akaretari
Volitional	散れむ	あかれむ	akaremu