Appendix:Hungarian antiharmonic words

The following words, though having (unrounded) front vowels only (e, é, i, í), take back-vowel suffixes (those with a, á, o, ó, u, ú) for all their inflections and derivations, therefore they are called antiharmonic (contradicting the usual vowel harmony of Hungarian).

Nouns and adjectives

The column “Ending” contains reverse-alphabetized forms in invisible format, only to enable sorting by the ending (aside from the other headers).

Word	Plural	Meaning	Ending	Note
cél	célok	aim, purpose, goal, target	léc
csík	csíkok	stripe, band	kísc
csín	csínok	neatness	nísc	archaic or literary
derék	derekak	waist	kéred	low-vowel stem, shortening the stem vowel
díj	díjak	prize, award, fee	jíd	low-vowel stem
fi	fiak	son	if	low-vowel stem; archaic or literary; compare related, regular fiú and fia
fing	fingok	fart	gnif	compare the related verb fingik
gyík	gyíkok	lizard	kíyg
héj	héjak	shell, peel, skin, rind	jéh	low-vowel stem
híd	hidak	bridge	díh	low-vowel stem, shortening the stem vowel
híg	hígak	thin, diluted	gíh
íj	íjak	bow	jí	low-vowel stem
ín	inak	tendon, sinew	ní	low-vowel stem, shortening the stem vowel
ír	írok	balm, ointment	rí	may also take front vowels as a noun; see also the antiharmonic, unrelated verb ír
kín	kínok	agony, anguish	ník
lik	likak	hole	kil	low-vowel stem; dialectal, compare standard, regular lyuk
nyíl	nyilak	arrow	líyn	low-vowel stem, shortening the stem vowel
nyír	nyírok	frog of a horse's hoof	ríyn	only in the given rare sense (but regular in the more common noun sense “birch”), also antiharmonic as a verb “to shear, trim”
pír	pírok	flush, blush, glow	ríp	archaic or literary; compare the related adjective piros and the similarly antiharmonic verb pirít
sík	síkok	flat, level, plane	kís	adjective and noun
síp	sípok	whistle	pís
sír	sírok	tomb, grave	rís	see also the unrelated verb sír (also antiharmonic)
szíj	szíjak	belt	jízs	low-vowel stem
tik	tikok	hen	kit	dialectal; compare standard, regular tyúk
víg	vígak	cheerful	gív	adjective; literary or archaic
zsír	zsírok	fat, grease	rísz

• The noun szirt (“cliff, crag”) used to be inflected with back-vowel suffixes but it is now uncommon.
• The noun szil (“elm [tree]”) was originally antiharmonic but now it is more commonly used with front-vowel suffixes.
• The antiharmonic noun ih (“sheep”) is dialectal or regional, mostly superseded by its standard, regular variant juh.
• The forms híja and híján are sometimes given as derivatives of an antiharmonic híj (“lack”), but they actually derive from the regular, archaic noun hiu (“vacuity, lack”).
• The forms nyirk and gyilk are rare, archaic (antiharmonic) alternatives of the regular nouns nyirok (“lymph”) and gyilok (“dagger, stiletto”, archaic), respectively.

Verbs

The column “Ending” contains reverse-alphabetized forms in invisible format, only to enable sorting by the ending (aside from the other headers).

Word	1st person	Meaning	Ending	Note
bénít	bénítok	to paralyze	tínéb	from the back-vowel adjective béna
bír	bírok	to bear, endure	ríb
bíz	bízok	to entrust	zíb
bízik	bízom (bízok)	to trust	zíb
csitít	csitítok	to hush, quieten	títisc
dívik	dívok	to be in vogue	víd	compare the more common noun divat
fingik	fingok	to fart	gnif	compare the related noun fing
hígít	hígítok	to dilute	tígíh	from the similarly antiharmonic adjective híg
hív (hí)	hívok	to call, invite	víh	not to be confused with the regular front-vowel verb hisz, or with the adjective and noun hív, related to hű
hízik	hízom (hízok)	to gain weight	zíh
ifjít	ifjítok	to rejuvenate	tíjfi	from the back-vowel adjective ifjú; literary
illik	illok	to disappear, run away	lli	obsolete, except in its derivations illan, illat, illó; not to be confused with the regular front-vowel verb illik (“to fit, suit, match”)
indít	indítok	to start, prompt (tr.)	tídni	also the derived noun indíték (“motive”); from the same stem as the regular back-vowel indul
ing	ingok	to wobble	gni	alternative form of regular back-vowel inog; unrelated to the noun ing (“shirt”)
ír	írok	to write	rí	only as a verb (and regular as the unrelated noun and adjective “Irish [person]”), also mostly antiharmonic as a noun in the sense “balm”
irt	irtok	to exterminate	tri
iszik	iszom (iszok)	to drink	zsi
ívik	ívok	to spawn	ví
izzik	izzok izzom	to glow, incandesce	zzi	from the same stem as izzít
izzít	izzítok	to make sth glow	tízzi	from the same stem as izzik
némít	némítok	to mute	tímén	from the back-vowel adjective néma
nyí	nyívok	to mew, caterwaul	íyn	with v-stem; folksy, onomatopoeic
nyílik	nyílok	to open (refl.)	líyn	from the same stem as nyit
nyír	nyírok	to shear, trim	ríyn	only as a verb (and regular in the unrelated noun sense “birch”; antiharmonic as a noun only in the rare sense given above)
nyit	nyitok	to open (trans.)	tiyn	from the same stem as nyílik
pirít	pirítok	to toast, sauté	tírip	compare the related, similarly antiharmonic noun pír
piszkít	piszkítok	to soil	tíkzsip	from the back-vowel noun piszok
rí	rívok	to weep	ír	with v-stem; folksy, onomatopoeic
rikít	rikítok	to shriek; to glare	tíkir
ring	ringok	to rock, swing (refl.)	gnir
ritkít	ritkítok	to thin (sth) out	tíktir	from the back-vowel adjective ritka
sí	sívok	to shriek, scream	ís	with v-stem; folksy, archaic; onomatopoeic; related to sír (below); unrelated to the regular noun sí (“ski”)
sikít	sikítok	to scream	tíkis
siklik	siklok siklom	to glide, slide	lkis
simít	simítok	to smooth, even	tímis	from the back-vowel adjective sima
sipít	sipítok	to screech, shrill	típis
sír	sírok	to cry, weep	rís	related to the verb sí (above); see also the unrelated noun sír (also antiharmonic)
sivít	sivítok	to scream, screech	tívis
szid	szidok	to scold, tell off	dizs
szít	szítok	to excite, incite	tízs
szív (szí, szip)	szívok	to suck, absorb	vízs	only as a verb (and regular in the unrelated noun sense)
tilt	tiltok	to forbid, prohibit	tlit
tisztít	tisztítok	to clean	títzsit	from the back-vowel adjective tiszta
vidít	vidítok	to cheer (sb) up	tídiv	from the stem of the back-vowel adjective vidám
virít	virítok	to bloom	tíriv	from the stem of the back-vowel verb virul
visít	visítok	to shriek	tísiv
vív (ví)	vívok	to fence	vív