Wiktionary:About Bulgarian
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This is a Wiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page. Specifically it is a policy think tank, working to develop a formal policy. |
| Policies: CFI - ELE - BLOCK - REDIR - BOTS - QUOTE - DELETE - NPOV - AXX |
This page is trying to provide a comprehensive guideline for any issues that arise in connection with the Bulgarian language, in particular Bulgarian words, in Wiktionary. It is mainly an instruction on how to format articles on Bulgarian words (more precisely, how to format the Bulgarian section of an entry).
Contents |
Creating Bulgarian entries [edit]
The essentials [edit]
- Language header lets you know the language of the word in question (==Bulgarian==). It is almost always in a level two heading (See Wiktionary:How to edit a page for some basic terminology we use). When there is more than one language header on a page, the language headers should appear in alphabetical order with Translingual and English given priority. Do not use Castilian in the language header.
- Part of Speech header is the key descriptor for the grammatical function of the term in question (such as 'noun', 'verb', etc). The definitions themselves come within its scope. This heading is most frequently in a level three heading, and a page may have more than one for a single language.
- Part of Speech line is the line immediately following the part of speech header. It consists of the entry name in bold, the transliteration of the word, followed by the gender and number (for nouns and adjectives) or lexical aspect (for verbs).
- Definitions or Translations of the word appear as a numbered list in the part of speech section immediately following the headword line, though it is a good idea to include a blank line in between for ease of editing.
A very simple example [edit]
This is a simple entry for the word лекар, and shows the most fundamental elements of an article:
- the word’s language (as a level 2 heading),
- its part of speech or "type" (as a level 3 heading),
- the inflection word itself (using the correct Part of Speech template and the transliteration of the word),
- a definition (preceded by "#", which causes automatic numbering),
- and links in the definition or translation for key words.
This example can be copied and used to start an article or section of an article.
==Bulgarian==
===Noun===
{{head|bg|noun|g=m|tr=lékar}}
# [[physician]], [[doctor]]
Formatting Bulgarian entries [edit]
You are advised to read Wiktionary:Entry layout explained first. It sets forth the general formatting rules for pages, as well as those specific to the English language.
Preferred order of sections [edit]
The part of speech section will often include simple translation(s) into English in place of definitions, but there may be subsections.
Following is the preferred sequence for these standard sections:
==Bulgarian==
===Alternative forms===
===Etymology===
===Pronunciation===
===Noun===
====Usage notes====
====Inflection==== (''Note: Or Conjugation for verb entries'')
====Quotations====
====Synonyms====
====Antonyms====
====Related terms====
===See also===
Please note that the Noun header is only one possible part of speech that may appear as the header. If the entry being created is for a Bulgarian verb, then "Verb" should appear in place of the word "Noun" in the example above.
Alternative forms [edit]
It is used only for words that have alternative forms such as обед and обяд or жираф and жирафа.
Pronunciation [edit]
A typical pronunciation section may look like the following example based on the word автомобил:
* {{IPA|/əftomo'bil/|lang=bg}}
Vowels [edit]
Some unstressed vowels are pronounced differently from their stressed counterparts.
| Vowel | Stressed | Example | Unstressed | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <а> | /a/ | баба /'babə/ | /ə/ | баба /'babə/ |
| <ъ> | /ɤ/ | мъж /mɤʃ/ | /ə/ | мъжът /mə'ʒɤt/ |
| <о> | /ɔ/ | око /o'kɔ/ | /o/ | око /o'kɔ/ |
| <у> | /u/ | уча /'utʃə/ | /u/ | уста /u'sta/ |
| <е> | /ɛ/ | дете /dɛ'tɛ/ | /ɛ/ | дете /dɛ'tɛ/ |
| <и> | /i/ | живи /'ʒivi/ | /i/ | живи /'ʒivi/ |
Consonants [edit]
| Voiced | Voicless | Examples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | Hard | Soft | ||||
| /b/ | /bʲ/ | /p/ | /pʲ/ | бор /bɔr/ | бял /bʲaɫ/ | пор /pɔr/ | пял /pʲaɫ/ |
| /v/ | /vʲ/ | /f/ | /fʲ/ | вал /vaɫ/ | вял /vʲaɫ/ | фон /fɔn/ | фьон /fʲɔn/ |
| /g/ | /gʲ/ | /k/ | /kʲ/ | гол /gɔɫ/ | гьол /gʲɔɫ/ | куп /kup/ | кюп /kʲup/ |
| /d̪/ | /dʲ/ | /t̪/ | /tʲ/ | дал /d̪aɫ/ | дял /dʲaɫ/ | та /t̪a/ | тя /tʲa/ |
| /ʒ/ | - | /ʃ/ | - | жило /ʒiɫo/ | - | шило /ʃiɫo/ | - |
| /z/ | /zʲ/ | /s/ | /sʲ/ | тормоза /t̪or'mɔzə/ | тормозя /t̪or'mɔzʲə/ | сал /saɫ/ | сял /sʲaɫ/ |
| /l/ | /lʲ/ | - | - | лек /lɛk/ | люк /lʲuk/ | - | - |
| /ɫ/ | - | - | - | лук /ɫuk/ | - | - | - |
| /m/ | /mʲ/ | - | - | дима /d̪i'mɤ/ | димя /d̪i'mʲɤ/ | - | - |
| /n/ | /nʲ/ | - | - | звъна /zvə'nɤ/ | звъня /zvə'nʲɤ/ | - | - |
| /r/ | /rʲ/ | - | - | пора /'pɔrə/ | поря /'pɔrʲə/ | - | - |
| - | - | /x/ | /xʲ/ | - | - | хубав /'xubəf/ | Хюстън /'xʲust̪ən/ |
| /dz/ | /dzʲ/ | /ʦ/ | /ʦʲ/ | Дзержински /dzɛr'ʒinskʲi/ | Ядзя /'jadzʲə/ | цар /ʦar/ | цяр /ʦʲar/ |
| /dʒ/ | - | /tʃ/ | - | джанта /'dʒant̪ə/ | - | чанта /'tʃant̪ə/ | - |
Palatalization is denoted by the symbol /ʲ/ after the soft consonant, which is different from the symbol /j/, used for the semivowel й.
The consonants /k/, /g/ and /x/ are always palatalized before /ɛ/ and /i/:
- геврек - /gʲɛv'rɛk/ (not /gɛv'rɛk/)
- киви - /'kʲivi/
- хем - /xʲɛm/
Final obstruent devoicing [edit]
Аll voiced consonants at the end of the word are pronounced like their voiceless counterparts. Here are some examples:
- град - /grat̪/ (not /grad̪/)
- молив - /'mɔlif/
- гръб - /grɤp/
- мъж - /mɤʃ/
Assimilation [edit]
Whenever two or more consonants that participate in the opposition voiced : voiceless occur next to each other, the final consonant influences the voicing of the whole consonant cluster. This means that if the final consonant is voiced - the whole lot becomes voiced, and vice versa - if the final consonant is voiceless, all will be voiceless. Here are some examples:
- градски - /'grat̪skʲi/ (not /grad̪skʲi/)
- робски - /'rɔpskʲi/
- мъжки - /'mɤʃkʲi/
- сграда - /'zgrad̪ə/
- сватба - /'svad̪bə/
The sonorants /l/, /ɫ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and the consonant /v/ do not influence the voicing of the neighbouring consonants. Examples:
- вълшебство - /vəɫ'ʃɛpst̪vo/ (not /vəɫ'ʃɛbzd̪vo/)
- песни - /'pɛsni/ (not /'pɛzni/)
Elision [edit]
In complex consonant clusters the consonants /t/ and /d/ are omitted:
- честно - /'tʃɛsno/ (not /'tʃɛst̪no/)
- вестник - /'vɛsnik/
- щастлив - /ʃt̪əs'lif/
- дъжд - /d̪ɤʃ/
Semivowels [edit]
The semivowel /j/ is represented by the letters ю, я, when preceded by a vowel or at the beginning of a word, and by the letter й:
- ютия - /ju't̪ijə/
- плюя - /'plʲujə/
- йод - /jɔt̪/
Part of Speech line [edit]
This line contains Template:head. It has the following parameteres:
- the first parameters is the language of the word (in this case bg:
{{head|bg}}); - the second parameter is the lexical category of the word (noun, verb, etc.:
{{head|bg|noun}},{{head|bg|adjective}},{{head|bg|verb}}, etc.); - g= indicates the gender of the word, if it belongs to any (verbs, for example, don't belong to any gender). g=m is for masculine, g=f for feminine, g=n for neuter;
- tr= is the transliteration of the word. For more information see Transliteration of Bulgarian.
For verb entries, apart from the headword-line template, this line also includes the lexical aspect of the verb (Template:impf for imperfective verbs and Template:pf. for perfective verbs) followed by its aspect counterpart, if it has one, the transliteration of the counterpart and its aspect.
Examples:
{{head|bg|noun|g=m|tr=sǎprúg}}for the masculine noun съпруг{{head|bg|noun|g=f|tr=sǎprúga}}for the feminine noun съпруга{{head|bg|noun|g=n|tr=deté}}for the neuter noun дете{{head|bg|adjective|g=m|tr=bǎrz}}for the masculine form of the adjective бърз{{head|bg|adverb|tr=tuk}}for the adverb тук{{head|bg|verb|tr=píša}}{{impf}}for the imperfective verb пиша{{head|bg|verb|tr=vljáza}}{{pf.}}, [[влизам]] (vlízam){{impf}}for the perfective verb вляза with imperfective counterpart влизам{{head|bg|verb|tr=vlízam}}{{impf}}, [[вляза]] (vljáza){{pf.}}for the imperfective verb влизам with perfective counterpart вляза
Inflection and conjugation templates [edit]
Inflection (for nouns and adjectives) and conjugation (for verbs) templates are placed immediately after the Inflection/Conjugation header. They provide a paradigm for the word.
Nouns [edit]
Masculine nouns [edit]
- For nouns like град use
{{bg-noun-m-ove}}without any parameters. - For nouns like бик (similar to those like град but with vocative form ending in -о instead of -е) use
{{bg-noun-m-ove2}}without any parameters. - For nouns like бог (similar to those like град and бик but with irregular vocative form) use
{{bg-noun-m-ove||боже}}where боже is the irregular vocative form (it is not formed simply by adding -е or -о). - For nouns like свят (with mutating yat vowel) use
{{bg-noun-m-ove|свет}}where свет could be брег for бряг, грех for грях, etc. - For nouns like доктор use
{{bg-noun-m-i}}without any parameters. - For nouns like храбрец (similar to those like доктор but with vocative form ending in -о: храбрецо, instead of -е: докторе) use
{{bg-noun-m-i2}}without any parameters. - For nouns like прозорец use
{{bg-noun-m-ar|прозор}}where прозор could be двор for дворец, жреб for жребец, etc. - For nouns like възел use
{{bg-noun-m-el|въз}}where въз could be ор for орел, коз for козел, etc. - For nouns like тигър use
{{bg-noun-m-i|тигр}}where тигр could be бинокл for бинокъл, алгоритм for алгоритъм, etc. - For nouns like архаизъм use
{{bg-noun-m-zam|архаи}}where архаи could be орга for оргазъм, евфеми for евфемизъм, etc. - For nouns like боец use
{{bg-noun-m-ets|бо}}where бо could be за for заек, белги for белгиец, etc. - For nouns like речник use
{{bg-noun-m-ar|речни}}where речни could be въл for вълк, пая for паяк, etc. - For nouns like съпруг use
{{bg-noun-m-g|съпру}}where съпру could be носоро for носорог, анцу for анцуг, etc. - For nouns like сиромах use
{{bg-noun-m-h|сирома}}where сирома could be стома for стомах, кожу for кожух, etc. - For nouns like англичанин use
{{bg-noun-m-i2|англичан}}where англичан could be араб for арабин, варвар for варварин, etc. - For nouns like бой use
{{bg-noun-m-ove2|бо}}where бо could be бро for брой, сло for слой, etc. - For nouns like лекар and приятел use
{{bg-noun-m-ar}}without any parameters. - For nouns like герой use
{{bg-noun-m-y|геро}}where геро could be трамва for трамвай, славе for славей, etc. - For nouns like дядо use
{{bg-noun-m-o}}without any parameters. - For nouns like баща use
{{bg-noun-m-o|бащ}}where бащ could be колег for колега, съди for съдия, etc.
Feminine nouns [edit]
- For nouns like жена use
{{bg-noun-f-a1|жен}}where жен could be баб for баба, птиц for птица, etc. - For nouns like госпожица (similar to those like жена but with vocative form ending in -е: госпожице, instead of -о: жено) use
{{bg-noun-f-a2|госпожиц}}where госпожиц could be жениц for женица, майчиц for майчица, etc. - For nouns like вяра (with mutating yat vowel) use
{{bg-noun-f-yat|вяр|вери}}where вяр and вери could be сянк and сенки for сянка, мярк and мерки for мярка, etc. - For nouns like змия (ending in a vowel + я) use
{{bg-noun-f-ya1|зми}}where зми could be кути for кутия, мълни for мълния, etc. - For nouns like леля (ending in a consonant + я) use
{{bg-noun-f-ya2|лел}}where лел could be саб for сабя, пед for педя, etc. - For nouns like вечер use
{{bg-noun-f-cons}}without any parameters.
Neuter nouns [edit]
- For nouns like село use
{{bg-noun-n-a|сел}}where сел could be писм for писмо, лиц for лице, etc. - For nouns like тяло (with mutating yat vowel) use
{{bg-noun-n-yat|тел}}where тел could be мест for място, млек for мляко, etc. - For nouns like животно use
{{bg-noun-n-i|животн}}where животн could be насеком for насекомо, сказуем for сказуемо, etc. - For nouns like куче use
{{bg-noun-n-ta}}without any parameters. - For nouns like време use
{{bg-noun-n-na}}without any parameters. - For nouns like усилие use
{{bg-noun-n-iya|усил}}where усил could be оръж for оръжие, бедств for бедствие, etc.
Adjectives [edit]
- For adjectives like слаб use
{{bg-decl-adj}}without any parameters. - For adjectives like истински use
{{bg-decl-adj|истинск}}where истинск could be кралск for кралски, майсторск for майсторски, etc. - For adjectives like лесен use
{{bg-decl-adj|лесн}}where лесн could be пълн for пълен, точн for точен, etc. - For adjectives like добър use
{{bg-decl-adj|добр}}where добр could be бегл for бегъл, близк for близък, etc.
