grian

See also: grían, grian-, griən, and gri͡an

Bavarian

Alternative forms

• gri͡an (alternative spelling, e.g. Styria)
• grean (most dialects)
• grien (Sappada, Sauris)

Etymology

From Old High German gruoni, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz. Cognate with German grün, Dutch groen, English green, Icelandic grænn.

Adjective

grian

1. (Timau) green

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster) IPA^(key): /ɟɾʲiən̪ˠ/
• (Connacht, Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɟɾʲiənˠ/, /ɟɾʲiən̪ˠ/

Etymology 1

an ghrian

From Old Irish grían (“sun”), from Proto-Celtic *grēnā.

Noun

grian f (genitive singular gréine, nominative plural grianta)

1. (the) sun
2. (figuratively) paragon

Declension

Declension of grian

Second declension

Bare forms Case Singular Plural Nominative grian grianta Vocative a ghrian a ghrianta Genitive gréine grianta Dative grian gréin (in certain phrases) grianta

Forms with the definite article Case Singular Plural Nominative an ghrian na grianta Genitive na gréine na ngrianta Dative leis an ngrian don ghrian leis na grianta

Archaic weak plural forms:

• Nominative and vocative: griana
• Genitive: grian
• Dative: grianaibh

Derived terms

• béar gréine
• béim ghréine (“sunstroke”)
• bliosán gréine
• boinéad gréine (“sun-bonnet”)
• bolg le gréin
• dó gréine
• grian-
• griandó
• grianmhar
• grianstad

 

Verb

grian (present analytic grianann, future analytic grianfaidh, verbal noun grianadh, past participle grianta) (transitive)

1. to sun (expose to the warmth and radiation of the sun)
2. (photography) to solarize (subject to solarization)

Conjugation

conjugation of grian (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	grianaim	grianann tú; grianair†	grianann sé, sí	grianaimid	grianann sibh	grianann siad; grianaid†	a ghrianann; a ghrianas / a ngrianann*; a ngrianas*	griantar
	past	ghrian mé; ghrianas	ghrian tú; ghrianais	ghrian sé, sí	ghrianamar; ghrian muid	ghrian sibh; ghrianabhair	ghrian siad; ghrianadar	a ghrian / ar ghrian*	grianadh
	past habitual	ghrianainn / ngrianainn‡‡	ghriantá / ngriantᇇ	ghrianadh sé, sí / ngrianadh sé, s퇇	ghrianaimis; ghrianadh muid / ngrianaimis‡‡; ngrianadh muid‡‡	ghrianadh sibh / ngrianadh sibh‡‡	ghrianaidís; ghrianadh siad / ngrianaidís‡‡; ngrianadh siad‡‡	a ghrianadh / a ngrianadh*	ghriantaí / ngrianta퇇
future		grianfaidh mé; grianfad	grianfaidh tú; grianfair†	grianfaidh sé, sí	grianfaimid; grianfaidh muid	grianfaidh sibh	grianfaidh siad; grianfaid†	a ghrianfaidh; a ghrianfas / a ngrianfaidh*; a ngrianfas*	grianfar
conditional		ghrianfainn / ngrianfainn‡‡	ghrianfá / ngrianfᇇ	ghrianfadh sé, sí / ngrianfadh sé, s퇇	ghrianfaimis; ghrianfadh muid / ngrianfaimis‡‡; ngrianfadh muid‡‡	ghrianfadh sibh / ngrianfadh sibh‡‡	ghrianfaidís; ghrianfadh siad / ngrianfaidís‡‡; ngrianfadh siad‡‡	a ghrianfadh / a ngrianfadh*	ghrianfaí / ngrianfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go ngriana mé; go ngrianad†	go ngriana tú; go ngrianair†	go ngriana sé, sí	go ngrianaimid; go ngriana muid	go ngriana sibh	go ngriana siad; go ngrianaid†	—	go ngriantar
	past	dá ngrianainn	dá ngriantá	dá ngrianadh sé, sí	dá ngrianaimis; dá ngrianadh muid	dá ngrianadh sibh	dá ngrianaidís; dá ngrianadh siad	—	dá ngriantaí
imperative		grianaim	grian	grianadh sé, sí	grianaimis	grianaigí; grianaidh†	grianaidís	—	griantar
verbal noun		grianadh
past participle		grianta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Etymology 2

From Old Irish grïan.

Noun

grian m (genitive singular griain)

1. Alternative form of grean (“gravel, grit; coarse sand”)
2. bottom (of sea, lake, river)
3. earth, ground, land
4. surface

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
grian	ghrian	ngrian
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “grian”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

Manx

Etymology

From Old Irish grían (“sun”), from Proto-Celtic *grēnā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡriːn/, [ɡriᵈn]

Noun

grian f (genitive singular greiney, plural grianyn)

1. sun

   Plaasyn prinsoil glistral myr whilleen grian. ― Princely palaces shining like so many suns.

   Ta'n ghrian yial er chooilleen e jurnaa. ― The bright sun has finished her journey.

2. sunlight
3. sunshine

Synonyms

• ree yn laa

Derived terms

• breck greiney
• breck 'sy ghrian

Mutation

Manx mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
grian	ghrian	ngrian
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡʲrʲi.an/

Noun

grïan (gender unknown)

1. gravel
2. sand
3. bottom (of river)
4. floor (of sea)

Inflection

The declension of this term is known to be an o-stem, but the gender is unknown. Both possibilities are presented here.

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	grïan	—	—
Vocative	grïain	—	—
Accusative	grïanN	—	—
Genitive	grïainL	—	—
Dative	grïunL	—	—
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	grïanN	—	—
Vocative	grïanN	—	—
Accusative	grïanN	—	—
Genitive	grïainL	—	—
Dative	grïunL	—	—
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: grean

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
grïan	grïan pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/	ngrïan
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “grian”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish grían (“sun”), from Proto-Celtic *grēnā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈcɾʲian/

Noun

grian f (genitive singular grèine, plural grianan)

1. sun

Derived terms

• casan na grèine (“the Zodiac”)
• clàr-grèine (“solar panel”)
• corra-ghrian (“bittern”)
• dol fodha na grèine (“sunset”)
• èirigh na grèine (“sunrise”)
• gaoth-ghrèine (“solar wind”)
• glainneachan-grèine (“sunglasses”)
• grian-chrios (“zodiac”)
• grian-stad (“solstice”)
• grianach (“sunny”)
• losgadh na grèine (“sunburn”)
• neòinean-grèine (“sunflower”)
• pannal-grèine (“solar panel”)
• speuclairean-grèine (“sunglasses”)

 

Mutation

Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical	Lenition
grian	ghrian
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.