infer

English

Etymology

From Latin inferō.

Pronunciation

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Verb

infer (third-person singular simple present infers, present participle inferring, simple past and past participle inferred)

1. (obsolete) To introduce (a subject) in speaking, writing etc.; to bring in. [16th-18th c.]
   • Shakespeare

     Full well hath Clifford played the orator, / Inferring arguments of mighty force.

2. (transitive) To introduce (something) as a reasoned conclusion; to conclude by reasoning or deduction, as from premises or evidence. [from 16th c.]
   • 2010, "Keep calm, but don't carry on", The Economist, 7 Oct 2010:

     It is dangerous to infer too much from martial bluster in British politics: at the first hint of trouble, channelling Churchill is a default tactic for beleaguered leaders of all sorts.

3. (intransitive) To draw a conclusion or inference by reasoning. [from 16th c.]

   I inferred his determination from his silence.

4. (transitive) To lead to (something) as a consequence; to imply. (Now often considered incorrect, especially with a person as subject.) [from 16th c.]
   • 1603, John Florio, translating Michel de Montaigne, Essays, II.3:

     These and a thousand like propositions, which concurre in this purpose, do evidently inferre [transl. sonnent] some thing beyond patient expecting of death it selfe to be suffered in this life [...].

5. (obsolete) To show; to manifest; to prove.
   • Shakespeare

     This doth infer the zeal I had to see him.

   • Sir Thomas More

     The first part is not the proof of the second, but rather contrariwise, the second inferreth well the first.

Usage notes

There are two ways in which the word "infer" is sometimes used as if it meant "imply". "Implication" is done by a person when making a "statement", whereas "inference" is done to a proposition after it had already been made or assumed. Secondly, the word "infer" can sometimes be used to mean "allude" or "express" in a suggestive manner rather than as a direct "statement". Using the word "infer" in this sense is now generally considered incorrect. [1] [2]

Synonyms

• assume, conclude, deduce

Related terms

• inferable
• inference
• -ferous (-iferous)

Translations

(transitive) To conclude by reasoning or deduction, as from premises or evidence

• Czech: vyvodit (cs)
• Dutch: concluderen (nl)
• French: déduire (fr)
• German: geschlussfolgert (de)
• Greek: συμπεραίνω (el) (symperaíno) 
• Hungarian: kikövetkeztet (hu), dedukál (hu)

• Italian: inferire (it)
• Latin: coniecto (la)
• Polish: wnioskować (pl), dedukować (pl)
• Romanian: motiva (ro), deduce (ro), infera (ro)
• Turkish: anlam çıkarmak (tr), anlamına gelmek (tr), anlamak (tr), mana çıkarmak (tr), manasına gelmek (tr), sonucunu çıkarmak (tr)

(intransitive) To draw a conclusion (by reasoning)

• Dutch: concluderen (nl)
• Greek: συμπεραίνω (el) (symperaíno) 
• Polish: wnioskować (pl)

• Romanian: conchide (ro), concluziona (ro), infera (ro)
• Russian: делать вывод (délatʹ vývod) impf., сделать вывод (sdélatʹ vývod) pf., заключать (ru) (zaključátʹ)  impf., заключить (ru) (zaključítʹ)  pf.

To imply: to have as a necessary consequence

• Greek: υπονοώ (el) (yponoó) , υπαινίσσομαι (el) (ypainíssomai) 

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

Translations to be checked

• Czech: usoudit (cs)
• Finnish: päätellä (1,2), tehdä johtopäätös (1,2)
• French: déduire (fr)
• Hungarian: kikövetkeztet (hu)

• Icelandic: álykta (is) (1), að gefa í skyn (2)
• Japanese: 推量する
• Norwegian: utlede (no), konkludere (no), slutte (no) (1), anta (no), tenke (no), spekulere (no) (2)
• Spanish: argüir (es), inferir (es)

Anagrams

• finer

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Latin

Verb

īnfer

1. second-person singular present active imperative of īnferō