in-

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"

English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

PIE word
*h₁én

From Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”, prefix), from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. More at in.

Alternative forms[edit]

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. in, into, towards, within.
    inhold, inmove, intake, inthrill
    inborn, inbound
    infield, infighting, insight, intalk, inwork
    2. Inward (direction)
      inbeat is occurring on an inward beat, inbend is to bend or curve inwards, incave is to cave inward
    4. Within (position)
      inbreed is to produce or generate within, inburning is burning within, incircle is a circle within a polygon
Synonyms[edit]
Antonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
English terms prefixed with in-
terms derived from in-: toward
terms derived from inward
terms derived from within
Translations[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. in, into
    Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
    2. Into
      imband is to form into a band or bands, imbar is to bar in, imbarn is to store in a barn
    4. Doing; forming verbs.
      inbland is to blend, inblind is to make blind, incloister is to cloister
    6. Having, possessing
      imbannered is having banners, inaureole is to have a halo, incarnate is be crimson
Usage notes[edit]

In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.

Synonyms[edit]
Antonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
English terms prefixed with in-
terms derived from in-: direction
terms derived from in-: tendency
terms derived from into
terms derived from doing
terms derived from having

Etymology 3[edit]

PIE word
*ne

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Doublet of un-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  2. (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning.
    Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
    2. (non-productive) Added to adjectives to mean not.
      inedible
      inaccurate
    4. Added to nouns to mean lacking or without.
      incredulity
      ineptitude
    6. Cannot, unable.
      inannihilable is that cannot be annihilated, inappellable is that cannot be appealed against, inassimilable is that cannot be assimilated
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
English terms prefixed with in-
terms derived from in-: reversing meaning
terms derived from not
terms derived from absence
terms derived from cannot
Related terms[edit]
Translations[edit]

See also[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Prefix[edit]

in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)

  1. in-; un- (reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute)

Derived terms[edit]

Catalan terms prefixed with in-

Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From in.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Audio(file)

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
  2. prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-

Derived terms[edit]

Dutch terms prefixed with in-

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): (before a consonant) /ɛ̃/, (before a vowel) /in/
  • Audio(file)

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. in-; un- (indicates negation)

Derived terms[edit]

French terms prefixed with in-

German[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in and inne-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. (rare, only in nouns) in, inside, interior
    ‎in- + ‎Land (“land”) → ‎Inland (“domestic territory”)
    ‎in- + ‎Schrift (“writing”) → ‎Inschrift (“inscription”)
    ‎in- + ‎Sasse (“someone who sits”) → ‎Insasse (“passenger, inhabitant”)
    ‎in- + ‎Begriff (“concept”) → ‎Inbegriff (“embodiment”)
Usage notes[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Borrowed from Latin in-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in, into
    ‎in- + ‎filtrieren (“to filter”) → ‎infiltrieren (“to infiltrate”)

Etymology 3[edit]

Borrowed from Latin in-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in-, un- (indicates negation)
    Synonyms: un-, nicht-
    ‎in- + ‎konsequent (“consistent”) → ‎inkonsequent (“inconsistent”)
Derived terms[edit]
German terms prefixed with in-

Further reading[edit]

  • “in-” in Duden online
  • “in-” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

in-

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌽-

Indonesian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Dutch in-, from French in-, from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ɪn]
  • Hyphenation: in

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. in-: used with certain words to reverse their meaning.

Derived terms[edit]

Indonesian terms prefixed with in-

Further reading[edit]

Irish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. capable of, fit for, fit to be
    Antonym: do-

Etymology 2[edit]

From i, in (“in”).

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. en-, in-, il-, im-, ir-
  2. endo-
  3. intra-
Alternative forms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Irish terms prefixed with in-

Mutation[edit]

Irish mutation
Radical Eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
in- n-in- hin- t-in-
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading[edit]

  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “in-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • Entries containing “in-” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Italian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • im- (assimilated form before b-/m-/p-)
  • il- (assimilated form before l-)
  • ir- (assimilated form before r-)

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /in/
    • Hyphenation: in-
  • IPA(key): [iɱ] (before f or v)
  • IPA(key): [iŋ] (before c or g)

Etymology 1[edit]

From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. (forms verbs) used to denote derivation
  2. (obsolete, rare) used as an intensifier
Usage notes[edit]
  • The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:
Examples:
‎in- + ‎arido (“dry”, “arid”) → ‎inaridire (“to parch”, “to dry up”)
‎in- + ‎fiamma (“flame”) → ‎infiammare (“to enflame”, “to kindle”)
  • When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:
Example:
‎in- + ‎fondere → ‎infondere (“to infuse”, “to instill”) (cfr. Latin īnfundere)
  • In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:
Example:
‎in- + ‎carcere (“jail”, “prison”) → ‎incarcerare (“to imprison”, “to incarcerate”)

Etymology 2[edit]

From Latin in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. used to denote negation or opposition or privation; un-; in-; a-
Usage notes[edit]
  • The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):
Examples:
‎in- + ‎coerente (“coherent”, “consistent”) → ‎incoerente (“incoherent”, “inconsistent”)
‎in- + ‎abile (“able”, “capable”) → ‎inabile (“unable”, “incapable”)
‎in- + ‎felice (“happy”) → ‎infelice (“unhappy”)
‎in- + ‎desiderabile (“desirable; advisable”) → ‎indesiderabile (“undesirable, unwelcome”)
  • More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:
Example:
‎in- + ‎colore (“colour/color”) → ‎incolore (“uncoloured/uncolored”)
Derived terms[edit]
Italian terms prefixed with in-

Anagrams[edit]

Latin[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.[1]

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. un-, non-, not
Usage notes[edit]

Affixed primarily to adjectives.

The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:

  • Before b, p or m, it may become im-. The spelling in- is also found in this context.
    ‎in- + ‎barba (“beard”) → ‎imberbis (“beardless”) or inberbis.
    ‎in- + ‎patiēns (“patient”) → ‎impatiēns (“impatient”) or inpatiēns.
    ‎in- + ‎mātūrus (“mature”) → ‎immātūrus (“immature”) or inmātūrus.
  • Before l or r, it may become il- or ir-, respectively. These assimilations only became usual in post-Augustan Latin: until a late date, the usual Roman spellings were inl- and inr-.[2]
    ‎in- + ‎labōrātus (“worked, toilsome”) → ‎illabōrātus (“unworked, uncultivated”) (post-Augustan) or inlabōrātus.
    ‎in- + ‎reverēns (“reverent”) → ‎irreverēns (“irreverent”) (post-Augustan) or inreverēns.
  • Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes ig- (pronounced [ɪŋ-]).
    ‎in- + ‎gnārus (“knowlegable”) → ‎ignārus (“ignorant”)
    ‎in- + ‎nōmen (“name”) → ‎ignōminia (“dishonor”)
  • Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced [ĩː-]).
    ‎in- + ‎fīnītus (“finite”) → ‎īnfīnītus (“endless, infinite”)
    ‎in- + ‎sānus (“healthy, sane”) → ‎īnsānus (“mad, insane”)
  • Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes [ɪŋ-].
Derived terms[edit]
Latin terms prefixed with in- (not)
Descendants[edit]
  • → Catalan: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
  • → French: in-
  • → Italian: in-
  • → Middle English: in-
  • → Portuguese: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, n, or m, and ir- before r)
  • → Sicilian: n- (m- before p, b or m, il- before l, and ir- before r)
  • → Spanish: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, and ir- before r)

Etymology 2[edit]

Prefixation of the preposition in.[3]

Alternative forms[edit]

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. Prepositional prefix, generally attached to verbs to derive new verbs with a range of meanings.
    1. in, within, inside
      ‎in- + ‎hālō (“breathe”) → ‎inhālō (“breathe in, inhale”)
    2. against; into; on, upon; to, towards
      ‎in- + ‎gradior (“step, go”) → ‎ingredior (“go into, enter”)
      ‎in- + ‎nūbō (“marry”) → ‎innūbō (“marry into”)
      ‎in- + ‎cadō (“fall”) → ‎incidō (“fall into, fall upon”)
      ‎in- + ‎pangō (“set, fix, settle, fasten”) → ‎impingō (“fasten upon, dash against, strike against”)
      ‎in- + ‎flīgō (“strike”) → ‎īnflīgō (“strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon”)
      ‎in- + ‎vocō (“call”) → ‎invocō (“call on, call upon, invoke”)
    3. Used as an intensifier.
      ‎in- + ‎crepō (“I rattle”) → ‎increpō (“I rattle, rebuke”)
    4. Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion
      ‎in- + ‎ārēscō (“I am drying, am growing drier”) → ‎inārēscō (“I start becoming dry, become somewhat dry”)[4]
Usage notes[edit]

Affixed primarily to verbs.

The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.

Not to be confused with Etymology 1 above, which means "not".

Derived terms[edit]
Latin terms prefixed with in- (in)
Descendants[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (ánu-, “after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎 (anu, “after; corresponding to”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /⁠anuv⁠/), and Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).[5]

Alternative forms[edit]

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. after
Derived terms[edit]
Latin terms prefixed with in- (after)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “1. in-”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 676f.
  2. ^ William Gardner Hale and Carl Darling Buck, 1903. Latin Grammar, page 25
  3. ^ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “2. in”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 677f.
  4. ^ Haverling, Gerd. "On Prefixes and Actionality in Classical and Late Latin." Acta Linguistica Hungarica, vol. 50, no. 1–2, 2003, pp. 113–35, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26189816. Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Page 117
  5. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 241-44

Further reading[edit]

  • “in-”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 301

Maltese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Article[edit]

in-

  1. Alternative form of il-

Usage notes[edit]

  • Used before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Northern Ndebele[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. Class 9 noun prefix.

Usage notes[edit]

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

Ojibwe[edit]

Initial[edit]

in- (root)

  1. Alternative form of iN-

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. Alternative form of nin-

See also[edit]

Ojibwe personal prefixes
stem begins with... 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Consonants p t k h ch m n s sh w y ni- gi- o-
d g ' j z zh nin-
b nim-
Vowels o nindo- gido- odo-
a aa e i nind- gid- od-
oo n- g-
ii w-

Old English[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From in (“in”). More at in.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. in, into
    ‎in- + ‎ēþung (“breathing”) → ‎inēþung (“inspiration”)
  2. internal, inside
    ‎in- + ‎coþu (“disease”) → ‎incoþu (“internal disease”)
    ‎in- + ‎weorc (“work”) → ‎inweorc (“indoor work”)
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle English: in-

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. (intensifying) very
    ‎in- + ‎frōd (“wise”) → ‎infrōd (“very wise”)
    ‎in- + ‎dryhten (“noble”) → ‎indryhten (“very noble”)
Derived terms[edit]
Old English terms prefixed with in-

Old Irish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.

Alternative forms[edit]

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. in
Usage notes[edit]

Very frequently replaced by ad- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:

Sometimes replaced by as- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:

Derived terms[edit]
Old Irish terms prefixed with in- (in)

References[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. Alternative form of an- (“un-, not”)
Usage notes[edit]

Used before d and g and occasionally other sounds.[1]

Derived terms[edit]
Old Irish terms prefixed with in- (not)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 872, page 544

Etymology 3[edit]

Prefix[edit]

in- (class C infixed pronoun)

  1. Alternative form of id-

Portuguese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • im- (before p or b)
  • ir- (before r)
  • i- (before m, n or l)

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. un-; not

Derived terms[edit]

Portuguese terms prefixed with in-

Spanish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • im- (before p or b)
  • ir- (before r)
  • i- (before l)

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. not (negation)

Derived terms[edit]

Spanish terms prefixed with in-

Further reading[edit]

Swazi[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. Class 9 noun prefix.

Usage notes[edit]

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

Tagalog[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ʔin/, [ʔɪn]
  • Hyphenation: in-

Prefix[edit]

in- (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔)

  1. Prefix form of -in-.

Derived terms[edit]

Tagalog terms prefixed with in-

Xhosa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

Prefix[edit]

in-

  1. Class 9 noun prefix.

Usage notes[edit]

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

Zulu[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

Prefix[edit]

ín-

  1. Class 9 noun prefix.

Usage notes[edit]

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes i-.

References[edit]

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