خوف

See also: جوف and خ و ف

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
خ و ف (ḵ w f)
10 terms

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xawf/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

خَوْف • (ḵawf) m

1. verbal noun of خَافَ (ḵāfa) (form I)
2. fear

Declension

Declension of noun خَوْف (ḵawf)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	خَوْف ḵawf	الْخَوْف al-ḵawf	خَوْف ḵawf
nominative	خَوْفٌ ḵawfun	الْخَوْفُ al-ḵawfu	خَوْفُ ḵawfu
accusative	خَوْفًا ḵawfan	الْخَوْفَ al-ḵawfa	خَوْفَ ḵawfa
genitive	خَوْفٍ ḵawfin	الْخَوْفِ al-ḵawfi	خَوْفِ ḵawfi

Descendants

• Gulf Arabic: خوف (ḵōf)
• → Azerbaijani: xof
• → Karaim: хоф (hof)
• → Kazakh: қауіп (qauıp)
• → Kyrgyz: кооп (koop)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خوف (havf)
• → Persian: خوف (xowf)
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: ख़ौफ़ (xauf)

    Urdu: خَوف (xauf)

  • Old Punjabi: ਖਉਫੁ (khauphu)
    • → Punjabi:

      Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ੌਫ਼ (xauf)

      Shahmukhi script: خَوف (xauf)

• → Swahili: hofu
• → Turkmen: howp
• → Uyghur: خەۋپ (xewp)
• → Uzbek: xavf

Etymology 2

Verb

خَوَّفَ • (ḵawwafa) II (non-past يُخَوِّفُ (yuḵawwifu), verbal noun تَخْوِيف (taḵwīf))

1. to frighten
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 3:175:

     إِنَّمَا ذَٰلِكُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ يُخَوِّفُ أَوْلِيَاءَهُ فَلَا تَخَافُوهُمْ وَخَافُونِ إِن كُنْتُم مُؤْمِنِينَ

     ʔinnamā ḏālikumu š-šayṭānu yuḵawwifu ʔawliyāʔahu falā taḵāfūhum waḵāfūni ʔin kuntum muʔminīna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 17:60:

     وَنُخَوِّفُهُمْ فَمَا يَزِيدُهُمْ إِلَّا طُغْيَانًا كَبِيرًا

     wanuḵawwifuhum famā yazīduhum ʔillā ṭuḡyānan kabīran

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation

Conjugation of خَوَّفَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَخْوِيف)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَخْوِيف taḵwīf
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُخَوِّف muḵawwif
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُخَوَّف muḵawwaf
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خَوَّفْتُ ḵawwaftu	خَوَّفْتَ ḵawwafta	خَوَّفَ ḵawwafa		خَوَّفْتُمَا ḵawwaftumā	خَوَّفَا ḵawwafā		خَوَّفْنَا ḵawwafnā	خَوَّفْتُمْ ḵawwaftum	خَوَّفُوا ḵawwafū
	f		خَوَّفْتِ ḵawwafti	خَوَّفَتْ ḵawwafat			خَوَّفَتَا ḵawwafatā			خَوَّفْتُنَّ ḵawwaftunna	خَوَّفْنَ ḵawwafna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَوِّفُ ʔuḵawwifu	تُخَوِّفُ tuḵawwifu	يُخَوِّفُ yuḵawwifu		تُخَوِّفَانِ tuḵawwifāni	يُخَوِّفَانِ yuḵawwifāni		نُخَوِّفُ nuḵawwifu	تُخَوِّفُونَ tuḵawwifūna	يُخَوِّفُونَ yuḵawwifūna
	f		تُخَوِّفِينَ tuḵawwifīna	تُخَوِّفُ tuḵawwifu			تُخَوِّفَانِ tuḵawwifāni			تُخَوِّفْنَ tuḵawwifna	يُخَوِّفْنَ yuḵawwifna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَوِّفَ ʔuḵawwifa	تُخَوِّفَ tuḵawwifa	يُخَوِّفَ yuḵawwifa		تُخَوِّفَا tuḵawwifā	يُخَوِّفَا yuḵawwifā		نُخَوِّفَ nuḵawwifa	تُخَوِّفُوا tuḵawwifū	يُخَوِّفُوا yuḵawwifū
	f		تُخَوِّفِي tuḵawwifī	تُخَوِّفَ tuḵawwifa			تُخَوِّفَا tuḵawwifā			تُخَوِّفْنَ tuḵawwifna	يُخَوِّفْنَ yuḵawwifna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَوِّفْ ʔuḵawwif	تُخَوِّفْ tuḵawwif	يُخَوِّفْ yuḵawwif		تُخَوِّفَا tuḵawwifā	يُخَوِّفَا yuḵawwifā		نُخَوِّفْ nuḵawwif	تُخَوِّفُوا tuḵawwifū	يُخَوِّفُوا yuḵawwifū
	f		تُخَوِّفِي tuḵawwifī	تُخَوِّفْ tuḵawwif			تُخَوِّفَا tuḵawwifā			تُخَوِّفْنَ tuḵawwifna	يُخَوِّفْنَ yuḵawwifna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		خَوِّفْ ḵawwif			خَوِّفَا ḵawwifā				خَوِّفُوا ḵawwifū
	f		خَوِّفِي ḵawwifī							خَوِّفْنَ ḵawwifna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خُوِّفْتُ ḵuwwiftu	خُوِّفْتَ ḵuwwifta	خُوِّفَ ḵuwwifa		خُوِّفْتُمَا ḵuwwiftumā	خُوِّفَا ḵuwwifā		خُوِّفْنَا ḵuwwifnā	خُوِّفْتُمْ ḵuwwiftum	خُوِّفُوا ḵuwwifū
	f		خُوِّفْتِ ḵuwwifti	خُوِّفَتْ ḵuwwifat			خُوِّفَتَا ḵuwwifatā			خُوِّفْتُنَّ ḵuwwiftunna	خُوِّفْنَ ḵuwwifna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَوَّفُ ʔuḵawwafu	تُخَوَّفُ tuḵawwafu	يُخَوَّفُ yuḵawwafu		تُخَوَّفَانِ tuḵawwafāni	يُخَوَّفَانِ yuḵawwafāni		نُخَوَّفُ nuḵawwafu	تُخَوَّفُونَ tuḵawwafūna	يُخَوَّفُونَ yuḵawwafūna
	f		تُخَوَّفِينَ tuḵawwafīna	تُخَوَّفُ tuḵawwafu			تُخَوَّفَانِ tuḵawwafāni			تُخَوَّفْنَ tuḵawwafna	يُخَوَّفْنَ yuḵawwafna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَوَّفَ ʔuḵawwafa	تُخَوَّفَ tuḵawwafa	يُخَوَّفَ yuḵawwafa		تُخَوَّفَا tuḵawwafā	يُخَوَّفَا yuḵawwafā		نُخَوَّفَ nuḵawwafa	تُخَوَّفُوا tuḵawwafū	يُخَوَّفُوا yuḵawwafū
	f		تُخَوَّفِي tuḵawwafī	تُخَوَّفَ tuḵawwafa			تُخَوَّفَا tuḵawwafā			تُخَوَّفْنَ tuḵawwafna	يُخَوَّفْنَ yuḵawwafna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَوَّفْ ʔuḵawwaf	تُخَوَّفْ tuḵawwaf	يُخَوَّفْ yuḵawwaf		تُخَوَّفَا tuḵawwafā	يُخَوَّفَا yuḵawwafā		نُخَوَّفْ nuḵawwaf	تُخَوَّفُوا tuḵawwafū	يُخَوَّفُوا yuḵawwafū
	f		تُخَوَّفِي tuḵawwafī	تُخَوَّفْ tuḵawwaf			تُخَوَّفَا tuḵawwafā			تُخَوَّفْنَ tuḵawwafna	يُخَوَّفْنَ yuḵawwafna

Etymology 3

Adjective

خُوَّف • (ḵuwwaf)

1. masculine plural of خَائِف (ḵāʔif)

Hijazi Arabic

Root
خ و ف
2 terms

Etymology 1

From Arabic خَوْف (ḵawf).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xoːf/, [xo̞ːf]

Noun

خوف • (ḵōf) m

1. fear

Etymology 2

From Arabic خَوَّفَ (ḵawwafa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xaw.waf/

Verb

خَوَّف • (ḵawwaf) II (non-past يِخَوِّف (yiḵawwif))

1. to frighten

Conjugation

Conjugation of خوف

		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	خوفت (ḵawwaft)	خوفت (ḵawwaft)	خوف (ḵawwaf)		خوفنا (ḵawwafna)	خوفتوا (ḵawwaftu)	خوفوا (ḵawwafu)
	f		خوفتي (ḵawwafti)	خوفت (ḵawwafat)
non-past	m	أخوف (ʔaḵawwif)	تخوف (tiḵawwif)	يخوف (yiḵawwif)		نخوف (niḵawwif)	تخوفوا (tiḵawwifu)	يخوفوا (yiḵawwifu)
	f		تخوفي (tiḵawwifi)	تخوف (tiḵawwif)
imperative	m		خوف (ḵawwif)				خوفوا (ḵawwifu)
	f		خوفي (ḵawwifi)

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَوْف (ḵawf).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈxawf/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäwf]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäwf]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xäwf]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xäwf]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xowf]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χäwf]

Readings
Classical reading?	xawf
Dari reading?	xawf
Iranian reading?	xowf
Tajik reading?	xavf

Noun

Dari	خوف
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хавф

خوف • (xowf) (plural خوف‌ها)

1. fear

   Synonyms: بیم (bim), تَرس (tars), سَهم (sahm)

Derived terms

• خُوفناک (xowfnâk)

Descendants

• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: ख़ौफ़ (xauf)

  Urdu: خَوف (xauf)

• Old Punjabi: ਖਉਫੁ (khauphu)
  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ੌਫ਼ (xauf)

    Shahmukhi script: خَوف (xauf)

South Levantine Arabic

Root
خ و ف
4 terms

Etymology

From Arabic خَوَّفَ (ḵawwafa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xaw.waf/, [ˈxaw.waf]

• Audio (al-Lidd):

  (file)

Verb

خوّف • (ḵawwaf) II (present بخوّف (biḵawwef))

1. to frighten

Conjugation

Conjugation of خوف

		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	خوّفت (ḵawwaft)	خوّفت (ḵawwaft)	خوّف (ḵawwaf)		خوّفنا (ḵawwafna)	خوّفتو (ḵawwaftu)	خوّفو (ḵawwafu)
	f		خوّفتي (ḵawwafti)	خوّفت (ḵawwafat)
present	m	بخوّف (baḵawwif)	بتخوّف (bitḵawwif)	بخوّف (biḵawwif)		منخوّف (minḵawwif)	بتخوّفو (bitḵawwfu)	بخوّفو (biḵawwfu)
	f		بتخوّفي (bitḵawwfi)	بتخوّف (bitḵawwif)
subjunctive	m	اخوّف (aḵawwif)	تخوّف (tḵawwif)	يخوّف (yḵawwif)		نخوّف (nḵawwif)	تخوّفو (tḵawwfu)	يخوّفو (yḵawwfu)
	f		تخوّفي (tḵawwfi)	تخوّف (tḵawwif)
imperative	m		خوّف (ḵawwif)				خوّفو (ḵawwfu)
	f		خوّفي (ḵawwfi)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خَوف (xawf), from Arabic خَوْف (ḵawf).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xɔːf/

Noun

خَوف • (xauf) m (Hindi spelling ख़ौफ़)

1. fear

Uzbek

Noun

خَوْف (xavf) (plural خوفلر)

1. Afghan Uzbek spelling of xavf