ὕδωρ

See also: ύδωρ

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ὕδος (húdos) — Koine
• οὕδωρ (hoúdōr) — Boeotian

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *údōr, from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (genitive *wednós (“of water”)), with ω (ō) from the plural), from the root *wed- (whence also ὕω (húō, “to water, to let rain, to rain”)).

Cognates include Latin unda, Sanskrit उदन् (udán), Hittite 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar /⁠wātar⁠/), Old Armenian գետ (get, “river”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō), Old Church Slavonic вода (voda), Old English wæter (English water), and Albanian ujë.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /hý.dɔːr/ → /ˈy.ðor/ → /ˈi.ðor/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hý.dɔːr/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)y.dor/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.ðor/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.ðor/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ðor/

 

• IPA^(key): /hy̌ː.dɔːr/ → /ˈy.ðor/ → /ˈi.ðor/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hy̌ː.dɔːr/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)y.dor/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.ðor/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.ðor/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.ðor/

• Typically ῠ̔́δωρ (hŭ́dōr), but ῡ̔́δωρ (hū́dōr) sometimes occurs in poetry for the sake of meter.

Noun

ῡ̆̔́δωρ • (hū̆́dōr) n (genitive ῡ̆̔́δᾰτος); third declension

1. water
2. rainwater, rain
3. sweat
4. time (originally in reference to waterclocks)
5. (loosely) liquid

Declension

Third declension of τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ; τοῦ ῠ̔́δᾰτος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ tò hŭ́dōr	τὼ ῠ̔́δᾰτε tṑ hŭ́dăte	τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ tằ hŭ́dătă
Genitive	τοῦ ῠ̔́δᾰτος toû hŭ́dătos	τοῖν ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιν toîn hŭdắtoin	τῶν ῠ̔δᾰ́των tôn hŭdắtōn
Dative	τῷ ῠ̔́δᾰτῐ tōî hŭ́dătĭ	τοῖν ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιν toîn hŭdắtoin	τοῖς ῠ̔́δᾰσῐ / ῠ̔́δᾰσῐν toîs hŭ́dăsĭ(n)
Accusative	τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ tò hŭ́dōr	τὼ ῠ̔́δᾰτε tṑ hŭ́dăte	τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ tằ hŭ́dătă
Vocative	ῠ̔́δωρ hŭ́dōr	ῠ̔́δᾰτε hŭ́dăte	ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ hŭ́dătă
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of ῡ̆̔́δωρ / ὗδωρ; ῡ̆̔́δᾰτος (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ῡ̆̔́δωρ / ὗδωρ hū̆́dōr / hûdōr	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτε hū̆́dăte	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτᾰ hū̆́dătă
Genitive	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτος hū̆́dătos	ῡ̆̔δᾰ́τοιῐ̈ν hū̆dắtoiĭ̈n	ῡ̆̔δᾰ́των hū̆dắtōn
Dative	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτῐ / ῡ̆̔́δει hū̆́dătĭ / hū̆́dei	ῡ̆̔δᾰ́τοιῐ̈ν hū̆dắtoiĭ̈n	ῡ̆̔́δᾰσῐ / ῡ̆̔́δᾰσῐν / ῡ̆̔δᾰ́τεσῐ / ῡ̆̔δᾰ́τεσῐν / ῡ̆̔δᾰ́τεσσῐ / ῡ̆̔δᾰ́τεσσῐν hū̆́dăsĭ(n) / hū̆dắtesĭ(n) / hū̆dắtessĭ(n)
Accusative	ῡ̆̔́δωρ / ὗδωρ hū̆́dōr / hûdōr	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτε hū̆́dăte	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτᾰ hū̆́dătă
Vocative	ῡ̆̔́δωρ / ὗδωρ hū̆́dōr / hûdōr	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτε hū̆́dăte	ῡ̆̔́δᾰτᾰ hū̆́dătă
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• ἀνυδρία (anudría)
• ἄνυδρος (ánudros)
• ἀϋδρία (aüdría)
• ἀϋδρος (aüdros)
• ἐφύδωρ (ephúdōr)
• θοὔδωρ (thoúdōr)
• κλεψύδρα (klepsúdra)
• οὔδωρ (oúdōr)
• ὑδάτινος (hudátinos)
• ὑδάτιον (hudátion)
• ὑδατολογία (hudatología)
• ὕδρα (húdra)
• ὑδράργυρος (hudrárguros)
• ὑδρατμός (hudratmós)
• ὑδραυλικός (hudraulikós)
• ὕδραυλος (húdraulos)
• ὑδρηλός (hudrēlós)
• ὑδρία (hudría)
• ὑδριάς (hudriás)
• ὑδρο- (hudro-)
• ὑδρογόνον (hudrogónon)
• ὑδρογραφία (hudrographía)
• ὑδροκήλη (hudrokḗlē)
• ὑδρολογία (hudrología)
• ὑδρομᾰντείᾱ (hudromănteíā)
• ὑδροσέλῑνον (hudrosélīnon)
• ὑδροφοβία (hudrophobía)
• ὑδροφῠ́λᾰξ (hudrophŭ́lăx)
• ὑδροχόη (hudrokhóē)
• ὑδροχόος (hudrokhóos)
• ὕδρωψ (húdrōps)

Related terms

• ὕω (húō)

Descendants

• Greek: ύδωρ (ýdor), υδρο- (ydro-), υδρό- (ydró-), υδρ- (ydr-)
• Tsakonian: ύο (ýo)
• → English: hydro-
• → French: hydro-

Further reading

• “ὕδωρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὕδωρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ὕδωρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ὕδωρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ὕδωρ”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5204 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • fall idem, page 303.
  • rain idem, page 669.
  • shower idem, page 770.
  • slosh idem, page 785.
  • water idem, page 967.
• ὕδωρ, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011