不只

Chinese

		not; no	only; merely; just only; merely; just; but
simp. and trad. (不只)		不	只

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bùzhǐ

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄓˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bat¹ zi²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): put-chí

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bùzhǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄓˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bùjhǐh
    • Wade–Giles: pu⁴-chih³
    • Yale: bù-jř
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bujyy
    • Palladius: бучжи (bučži)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 不只 不止

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: bat¹ zi²
    • Yale: bāt jí
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bat⁷ dzi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: bed¹ ji²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐt̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 不只 不止

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put-chí
    • Tâi-lô: put-tsí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: putcie
    • IPA (Xiamen): /put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /put̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /put̚³²⁻⁵ t͡si⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /put̚³²⁻⁴ t͡si⁴¹/

Conjunction

不只

1. not only; not merely

   他們不只談話，還喊叫大笑。 [MSC, trad.]
   他们不只谈话，还喊叫大笑。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tāmen bùzhǐ tánhuà, hái hǎnjiào dàxiào. [Pinyin]

   They not only talked but also shouted and laughed.

Synonyms

• 不但 (bùdàn)
• 不僅／不仅 (bùjǐn)
• 不光 (bùguāng)
• 不單／不单 (bùdān)
• 不惟 (bùwéi) (literary)
• 不止 (bùzhǐ)
• 不特 (bùtè) (literary)
• 不獨／不独 (bùdú)
• 不直 (bùzhí) (literary)
• 不論／不论 (bùlùn) (literary)
• 伓止 (ēng-cǐ) (Northern Min, Hokkien)
• 勿僅／勿仅 (⁸veq-jin) (Wu)
• 勿僅僅／勿仅仅 (⁸veq-jin-jin) (Wu)
• 勿光 (⁸veq-kuaon) (Wu)
• 唔只 (m⁴ zi²) (Cantonese)
• 唔單／唔单 (Teochew)
• 唔單只／唔单只 (m⁴ daan¹ zi²) (Cantonese, Teochew)
• 唔淨只／唔净只 (m⁴ zing⁶ zi²) (Cantonese)
• 毋但 (Hokkien)
• 豈但／岂但 (qǐdàn) (literary)
• 非但 (fēidàn)
• 非獨／非独 (fēidú)
• 非論／非论 (fēilùn) (literary)

 

Old Korean

Etymology

Potentially a compound of *an (ancestral negating root) + *to (semantically light noun meaning "objective fact", whence Middle Korean ᄃᆞ (to)) + *-k (some kind of suffix).

Adverb

不只 (*ANTOk)

1. cannot; denotes inability to carry out the verb

Usage notes

This form is used by the mainstream "Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra glossing tradition" of Interpretive Gugyeol, referring to all Korean-language glosses to the Buddhist canon up to 1300 except for two glosses of excerpts of the Avatamsaka Sutra and a recently discovered gloss of the Sutra of the Repentance Ritual of Great Compassion, all three of which share idiosyncratic features including the use of what appears to be a graphic abbreviation of 毛冬 (“cannot”).

As with Middle and Modern Korean (see 못 (mot) and 못하다 (mothada)), the Old Korean 不只 construction had two forms: a short form in which the adverb directly preceded the negated verb, and a long form in which the adverb negated the verb 爲 (*hoy-, “to do”) similar to English do-support. However, unlike in Middle and Modern Korean, 爲 did not act as a true auxiliary verb, as the main verb was nominalized to become the direct object of 爲.

According to the analysis of Mun Hyeon-su, when the main verb was modified by another adverb, word order in the long form construction of 不只 differed from the long form construction of 毛冬:

• Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra tradition: [NOMINALIZED VERB] [ADVERB] 不只 (*ANTOk) 爲 (*hoy-)
• Avatamsaka Sutra tradition: [NOMINALIZED VERB] 毛冬 (*mwotol) [ADVERB] 爲 (*hoy-)
• Middle and Modern Korean: [ADVERB] [MAIN VERB] 못 (mot) 하 (ha-)

Reconstruction notes

The final phonogram 只 denotes the coda consonant *-k.

This adverb is not attested in Middle Korean Idu script. However, some sixteenth-century Chinese-Korean glossaries for use by schoolchildren gloss the Chinese word 不 as 안ᄃᆞᆨ (Yale: antok), of uncertain meaning. As this is the only known negative ending with *-k in Middle Korean sources and as the Middle Korean glossary genre is celebrated for linguistic archaisms, Old Korean 不只 is conventionally reconstructed as *ANTOk. This also matches 不知 (*ANti) and 不冬 (*ANtol), which use the same logogram.

See also

• 不知 (*ANti) (nominal negator)
• 不冬 (*ANtol) (verbal negator)
• 毛冬 (*mwotol) (marker of inability)

References

• 문현수 (Mun Hyeon-su) (2019) “석독구결의 능력부정에 대한 연구 [A study of ability negation in interpretive gugyeol]”, in Gugeosa Yeon'gu, volume 28, →DOI, pages 269–298