強いる
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Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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強 |
し Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]⟨sipu⟩ → ⟨sipuru⟩ → /ɕiɸuɾu/ → /ɕiɸɨɾu/ → /ɕiwiɾu/ → /ɕiiɾu/
From Old Japanese 強ふ (sipu), following 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 上二段活用 (kami nidan katsuyō, “upper bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 上一段活用 (kami ichidan katsuyō, “upper monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -iru.
Possibly cognate with 癈いる (shiiru, “to lose function (said of body organs)”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "強いる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
強いる | しいる | [shìíꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 強いろ | しいろ | [shìíꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 強いられる | しいられる | [shìíráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 強いさせる | しいさせる | [shìísáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 強いられる | しいられる | [shìíráréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 強いよう | しいよー | [shìíyóꜜò] |
Negative | 強いない | しいない | [shìíꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 強いなかった | しいなかった | [shìíꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 強います | しいます | [shìímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 強いた | しいた | [shíꜜìtà] |
Conjunctive | 強いて | しいて | [shíꜜìtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 強いれば | しいれば | [shìíꜜrèbà] |
Verb
[edit]強いる • (shiiru) ←しひる (sifiru)?transitive ichidan (stem 強い (shii), past 強いた (shiita))
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "強いる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 強い | しい | shii | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 強い | しい | shii | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 強いる | しいる | shiiru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 強いる | しいる | shiiru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 強いれ | しいれ | shiire | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 強いよ¹ 強いろ² |
しいよ¹ しいろ² |
shiiyo¹ shiiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 強いられる | しいられる | shiirareru | |
Causative | 強いさせる 強いさす |
しいさせる しいさす |
shiisaseru shiisasu | |
Potential | 強いられる 強いれる³ |
しいられる しいれる³ |
shiirareru shiireru³ | |
Volitional | 強いよう | しいよう | shiiyō | |
Negative | 強いない 強いぬ 強いん |
しいない しいぬ しいん |
shiinai shiinu shiin | |
Negative continuative | 強いず | しいず | shiizu | |
Formal | 強います | しいます | shiimasu | |
Perfective | 強いた | しいた | shiita | |
Conjunctive | 強いて | しいて | shiite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 強いれば | しいれば | shiireba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 強 read as し
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese type 2 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji