과거하다

Korean

Etymology

과거(科擧) (gwageo, “civil service examination”) +‎ 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving active verbs).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kwa̠ɡʌ̹ɦa̠da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [과거하다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	gwageohada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	gwageohada
McCune–Reischauer?	kwagŏhada
Yale Romanization?	kwakehata

Verb

과거하다 • (gwageohada) (infinitive 과거해 or 과거하여, sequential 과거하니) (intransitive)

1. (historical, rare) to pass the civil service examination (in historical Korea, China, Vietnam)

   Synonym: (much more common) 급제(及第)하다 (geupjehada)

   • 1795, 혜경궁 홍씨 / 惠慶宮 洪氏 (Lady Hong of the Hyegyeong Palace), 한중록 [hanjungnok, Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong]:

     션인이 과거ᄒᆞ신 젼브터 졔우가 ᄌᆞ별ᄒᆞ시고 […]

     syeonin-i gwageohasin jeon-beuteo je'u-ga jabyeolhasigo [ … ]

     From before my past father passed the civil service examinations, his meetings were of a special sort […]

   • 1996, 韓(한)國(국)儒(유)學(학)思(사)想(상)論(논)文(문)選(선)集(집) (12), Bulham munhwasa:

     科(과)擧(거)하고 出(출)仕(사)하는 일

     gwageohago chulsahaneun il

     the affair of passing the civil service examinations and assuming one's first government post

   • transcribed 2010, “베틀가 [beteulga, Song of the Loom (folk song)]”, in jinan.grandculture.net‎^[1]:

     과개(科擧)한 듯 높이 앉았구나

     gwagaehan deut nop-i anjatguna

     How she sits on high, as if she passed the civil service examinations

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 과거하다 (gwageohada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	과거한다 gwageohanda	과거해 gwageohae	과거해요 gwageohaeyo	과거합니다 gwageohamnida
	Past	과거했다 gwageohaetda	과거했어 gwageohaesseo	과거했어요 gwageohaesseoyo	과거했습니다 gwageohaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	과거하느냐 gwageohaneunya	과거해 gwageohae	과거해요 gwageohaeyo	과거합니까 gwageohamnikka
	Past	과거했느냐 gwageohaenneunya	과거했어 gwageohaesseo	과거했어요 gwageohaesseoyo	과거했습니까 gwageohaetseumnikka
Hortative		과거하자 gwageohaja	과거해 gwageohae	과거해요 gwageohaeyo	과거하십시다 gwageohasipsida
Imperative		과거해라, 과거하여라 gwageohaera, gwageohayeora	과거해 gwageohae	과거해요 gwageohaeyo	과거합시오 gwageohapsio
Assertive		과거하겠다 gwageohagetda	과거하겠어 gwageohagesseo	과거하겠어요 gwageohagesseoyo	과거하겠습니다 gwageohagetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		과거해 gwageohae	과거해서, 과거하여서 gwageohaeseo, gwageohayeoseo	과거하니 gwageohani	과거하니까 gwageohanikka
Contrast		과거하지만 gwageohajiman	과거하는데 gwageohaneunde	과거하더니 gwageohadeoni
Conjunction		과거하고 gwageohago
Condition		과거하면 gwageohamyeon	과거해야, 과거하여야 gwageohaeya, gwageohayeoya
Motive		과거하려고 gwageoharyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		과거함 gwageoham	과거하기 gwageohagi
Past-tense verbal nouns		과거했음, 과거하였음 gwageohaesseum, gwageohayeosseum	과거했기, 과거하였기 gwageohaetgi, gwageohayeotgi
Determiners	Past	과거한 gwageohan
	Present	과거하는 gwageohaneun
	Future	과거할 gwageohal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	과거하신다 gwageohasinda	과거하셔 gwageohasyeo	과거하세요, 과거하셔요 gwageohaseyo, gwageohasyeoyo	과거하십니다 gwageohasimnida
	Past	과거하셨다 gwageohasyeotda	과거하셨어 gwageohasyeosseo	과거하셨어요 gwageohasyeosseoyo	과거하셨습니다 gwageohasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	과거하시느냐 gwageohasineunya	과거하셔 gwageohasyeo	과거하세요, 과거하셔요 gwageohaseyo, gwageohasyeoyo	과거하십니까 gwageohasimnikka
	Past	과거하셨느냐 gwageohasyeonneunya	과거하셨어 gwageohasyeosseo	과거하셨어요 gwageohasyeosseoyo	과거하셨습니까 gwageohasyeotseumnikka
Imperative		과거하시라 gwageohasira	과거하셔 gwageohasyeo	과거하세요 gwageohaseyo	과거하십시오 gwageohasipsio
Assertive		과거하시겠다 gwageohasigetda	과거하시겠어 gwageohasigesseo	과거하시겠어요 gwageohasigesseoyo	과거하시겠습니다 gwageohasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		과거하셔 gwageohasyeo	과거하셔서 gwageohasyeoseo	과거하시니 gwageohasini	과거하시니까 gwageohasinikka
Contrast		과거하시지만 gwageohasijiman	과거하시는데 gwageohasineunde	과거하시더니 gwageohasideoni
Conjunction		과거하시고 gwageohasigo
Condition		과거하시면 gwageohasimyeon	과거하셔야 gwageohasyeoya
Motive		과거하시려고 gwageohasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		과거하심 gwageohasim	과거하시기 gwageohasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		과거하셨음 gwageohasyeosseum	과거하셨기 gwageohasyeotgi
Determiners	Past	과거하신 gwageohasin
	Present	과거하시는 gwageohasineun
	Future	과거하실 gwageohasil

See also

• 과거를 보다 (gwageo-reul boda, “to take the civil service examination”)