-ਈ
Punjabi
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Sanskrit -इक (-ika) or Sanskrit -ईय (-īya). Later influenced by Classical Persian ـی (-ī), from Middle Persian -yk' / 𐭩𐭪𐭩 (yky /-īg/, adjectival suffix), a cognate of Sanskrit -इक (-ika) through Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas. Also influenced by Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy, nisba suffix), which in Classical Persian becomes ی (-ī).
Suffix
[edit]-ਈ • (-ī)
- relating to, forms adjectives from nouns
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from the nominative singular form of Sanskrit -इन् (-in, “doer, possessor”).
Suffix
[edit]-ਈ • (-ī) m
Etymology 3
[edit]Borrowed from Classical Persian ـی (-ī), from Middle Persian 𐭩𐭧 (yḥ /-īh/) (forms nouns from adjectives).[1]
Suffix
[edit]-ਈ • (-ī) f
- forms abstract nouns from adjectives or common nouns
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -इका (-ikā). Specifically,
- Direct singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इअ (-ia), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इकाः (-ikāḥ, nominative singular)
- Oblique singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इहे (-ihĕ/-ihi), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इकायाः (-ikāyāḥ, genitive singular)
- Vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -इए (-iĕ), from Prakrit [Term?], from Sanskrit -इके (-ike, vocative singular)
Suffix
[edit]-ਈ • (-ī) f
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | ◌ੀ (◌ī) | ◌ੀਆਂ (◌īā̃) |
| oblique | ◌ੀ (◌ī) | ◌ੀਆਂ (◌īā̃) |
| vocative | ◌ੀਏ (◌īē) | ◌ੀਓ (◌īo) |
| ablative | — | — |
| locative | — | — |
| instrumental | — | — |
Etymology 5
[edit]Inherited from Apabhramsa -इज्ज (-ijja, indicative third-person present passive), from Prakrit -इज्ज (-ijja, indicative third-person present passive). This affix is also present in Old Punjabi verbs.
Affix
[edit]-ਈ • (-ī)
- (rare) in Eastern Punjabi dialects, an affix which forms the present passive participle in verbs
- (rare) affix which forms verbs that express desire, expectation or obligation: need, want, should, ought to
Usage notes
[edit]- Use of the present passive participle, an archaic feature from northwestern Prakrit and Apabhramsa dialects, is rare in the present day. The passive voice is instead usually marked with the auxiliary verb ਜਾਣਾ (jāṇā), which indicates the passive voice in a much more extensive fashion, including past passives which can only be indicated through this verb (except in rare dialects in Western Punjab). Western Punjabi dialects use the nasalized affix -ਈਂ (-ī̃) to form the present passive participle instead.
- Similarly, the usage of ਚਾਹੀਦਾ (cāhīdā) as an auxiliary verb to express desire, expectation or obligation is much more common than the usage of the affix.
- In both uses, any nasalization at the end of the verb stem before -ਦਾ (-dā) is removed before inserting the affix.
References
[edit]- Punjabi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Punjabi terms inherited from Sanskrit
- Punjabi terms derived from Sanskrit
- Punjabi terms borrowed from Classical Persian
- Punjabi terms derived from Classical Persian
- Punjabi terms derived from Middle Persian
- Punjabi terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Punjabi terms borrowed from Arabic
- Punjabi terms derived from Arabic
- Punjabi lemmas
- Punjabi suffixes
- Punjabi terms borrowed from Sanskrit
- Punjabi masculine suffixes
- Punjabi feminine suffixes
- Punjabi terms inherited from Apabhramsa
- Punjabi terms derived from Apabhramsa
- Punjabi terms inherited from Prakrit
- Punjabi terms derived from Prakrit
- Punjabi nouns with declension
- Punjabi terms with rare senses