-TÁÁL
Navajo
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tatłʼ (“to act abruptly with the foot”), in bases related to stepping, stomping, kicking. Also occurs in a meaning related to bursting and exploding.
Cognate root found in Ahtna taatlʼ, Carrier əstał (“to kick”), dîstəł (“to explode”).
Root
[edit]-TÁÁL
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | motion |
S steps
|
|||||
| l | |||||||
| di + ∅ | motion | ||||||
| (dzi) + ∅ | successive |
S kicks Motion:
Successive (without dzi-):
|
S kicks P
|
||||
| l | motion |
S dashes |
- See also other roots of attacking like -DON (“to shoot”), -GHAAL (“to bat”), -TʼOH (“to shoot”), -TŁʼIN (“to sling”), -TSXIZ (“to whip”) etc, for a similar alternation between dzi- (“away into space”), yíní- (repetitive), yíníi- (semelfactive) and adi- (“to be given to —, to be a —er”, iterative) in successive themes.
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| l | successive |
S pops
|
S pops O
|
- The first two bases are seriative forms of the “dash” theme above.
Stem set
[edit]| Aspect | Imperfective | Perfective | Future | Iterative | Optative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Momentaneous | -taał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -taał |
| Continuative | -taał / -tal | -táál | -tał | -tał | -taał |
| Repetitive | -tał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -tał |
| SER | -tał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -tał |
| Semelfactive | -tał | -tał | -tał | -tał | -tał |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to act with body:
to pulsate:
to go swiftly, to dash:
to pop:
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Probably identical to the above root. Occurs in Southern Athabaskan in bases related to singing or holding a ceremony.
Compare Ahtna deltatl’ (“make a speech”), Lower Tanana deltutł (“he is talking loudly”), Carrier dəztəl (“to shout”), themselves extension of the bursting / explosion meaning above.
Root
[edit]-TÁÁL
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ho + ∅ | operative |
S sings
|
Stem set
[edit]| Aspect | Imperfective | Perfective | Future | Iterative | Optative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOM / DUR | -taał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -taał |