-tim

See also: Appendix:Variations of "tim"

Latin

Etymology

Adverbial accusative of Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [tĩː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [t̪im]

Suffix

-tim

forms adverbs from verbs
‎currō (“to run, hurry, hasten”) + ‎-tim → ‎cursim (“quickly, swiftly, hastily, speedily”)

‎scindō (“to cut”) + ‎-tim → ‎scissim

‎stringō (“draw tight, touch lightly”) + ‎-tim → ‎strictim

‎incīdō (“cut short”) + ‎-tim → ‎incīsim

‎dispergō (“scatter”) + ‎-tim → ‎dispersim

‎contemnō (“scorn”) + ‎-tim → ‎contemptim

‎permisceō (“mingle”) + ‎-tim → ‎permixtim
forms adverbs from adjectives
‎ūber (“copious, plentiful”) + ‎-tim → ‎ūbertim (“copiously, abundantly, plentifully”)
forms adverbs from nouns
‎tribus (“tribe”) + ‎-tim → ‎tribūtim (“by tribe, tribe by tribe”)

Usage notes

This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.

Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion; see -tus for more information.

A few noun stems follow similar modifications, but more often, nouns use -ātim:

‎tribus (“tribe”) + ‎-tim → ‎tribūtim but ‎vicis (“turn”) + ‎-tim → ‎vicissim

Derived terms

-ātim

References

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN