Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kap-: difference between revisions

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{{reconstructed}}
{{reconstructed}}
==Proto-Indo-European==
==Proto-Indo-European==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|ine-pro|alt=*keh₂p-}}<ref name="LIV">{{R:ine:LIV|head=*keh₂p-¹|pages=344–345}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|79}}</ref>

===Etymology===
Possibly of {{bor|gem-pro|qfa-sub}} origin, as evidenced by the a-grade<ref name="Schrijver">{{R:Schrijver:1997|293-297}}</ref>, or perhaps [[onomatopoeic]], compare {{m|ine-pro|*gʰeh₁bʰ-|*gʰabʰ-|t=to seize}}<ref>{{R:ine:LIV|head=?*ĝʰeHb-¹|pages=195}}</ref>.


===Root===
===Root===
{{ine-root}}<ref name="LIV">{{R:ine:LIV|pages=344–345}}</ref><ref name="DV">{{R:De Vaan 2008|head=capiō|pages=89-90}}</ref><ref name="Beekes">{{R:grc:Beekes|head=κάπτω|page=640}}</ref><ref>{{R:Ringe 2006}}</ref>
{{ine-root}}<ref>{{R:ine:IEW|vol=II|head=kap-|pages=527-529}}</ref><ref>{{R:TOitPIEatPIEw|head=*kap-|270}}</ref><ref name="Sihler">{{R:ine:Sihler:1995}}</ref>


# to [[seize]]; to [[grab]]
# to [[seize]], [[hold]]


====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
* {{l|ine-pro|*kh₂pyéti|*kap-yé-ti|pos=ye-present|t=to be seized, held}}<ref name="LIV" /> {{see desc}}
{{PIE root see}}

⚫
* {{l|ine-pro||*káp-eh₂}}<ref>{{R:grc:EDG|640|κάπτω}}</ref>
⚫
** {{desc|grk-pro|*kápā}}
⚫
*** {{desc|grc|κάπη|t=crib}}
**** {{desc|grc|καπᾱνα|t=wagon|der=1|unc=1}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*kap-nó-s|t=harbour}}<ref name="Sihler" />
⚫
** {{desc|cel-pro|*kawnos}}<ref name="Sihler" />
⚫
*** {{desc|sga|cúan}} {{see desc}}
** {{desc|gem-pro|*habnō}} {{q|< *kapn-éh₂}} {{see desc}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*káp-no-s}}<ref name="EDPG_habanō" />
⚫
** {{desc|gem-pro|*hafnaz|t=vessel, pot}}<ref name="EDPG_habanō">{{R:gem:EDPG|*habanō-|pages=196-197}}</ref>
⚫
*** {{desc|osx|haban}}
⚫
*** {{desc|goh|havan}}
⚫
**** {{desc|gmh|haven}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*káp-ōl ~ *kap-én-s}}
** {{desc|iir-pro|*kapā́las|t=head, skull; bowl}} {{see desc}}
** {{desc|gem-pro|*henþō|unc=1}}<ref>{{R:gem:HGE|*xenþō(n)|169}}</ref> {{q|< *kpen-téh₂?}}
*** {{desc|ang|hion|t=skull}}
*** {{desc|frr|hann|t=lobe of the brain}}

⚫
* {{l|ine-pro|*kh₂ptós|*kap-tós|t=seized, held}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*káp-u-ko-s}}<ref name="Schrijver" />
** {{desc|cel-pro|*kaɸukos|t=cup}}<ref name="Schrijver" /><ref name="EDL" />
*** {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*kọg}}
**** {{desc|cy|cawg}}
*** {{desc|sga|cuäch}}, {{l|sga|cuach}}, {{l|sga|cúach}}
**** {{desc|ga|cuach}}
**** {{desc|gd|cuach}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*káp-ut|t=head}}<ref>{{R:ine:IEW|vol=II|head=kap-ut|pages=529-530}}</ref><ref name="Schrijver" /><ref>{{R:la:Schrijver|100-101}}</ref><ref>{{R:TOitPIEatPIEw|page=270}}</ref> ~ {{l|ine-pro||*kap-wét-s}}<ref name="EDPG_ha(u)beda" /><ref>{{R:EWddS|ed=22|hw=Haupt}}</ref>
** {{desc|gem-pro|*haubudą|*hafudą}} ~ {{l|gem-pro||*haubeþaz|t=head}} {{q|metastasized < *habweþaz}}<ref name="EDPG_ha(u)beda">{{R:gem:EDPG|*ha(u)beda- ~ *ha(u)buda-|215}}</ref> {{see desc}}
** {{desc|itc-pro|*kaput}}<ref name="EDL">{{R:itc:EDL|head=caput, -itis|91}}</ref>
*** {{desc|la|caput|t=head}}

* {{l|ine-pro||*káp-wl̥ ~ *kap-wén-s|t=head}}
⚫
** {{desc|gem-pro|*habulô|t=head}} {{see desc}}
** {{desc|cel-pro|*kʷennom|t=head|unc=1}} {{q|< *kpwen-nó-m?}} {{see desc}}

* {{desc|ine-pro||*kā́p-s ~ *káp-s-os|nolb=1|unc=1}}
** Albanian:
*** {{desc|sq|kopshtë|t=garden}} {{q|+ {{l|sq|-shtë}}}}
** {{desc|grk-pro|*kāpos}}<ref>{{R:grc:EDG|688|κήπος}}</ref>
*** {{desc|grc|κῆπος|t=garden, orchard, plantation}}


* {{desc|ine-pro||*kṓp-s ~ *kap-és|nolb=1|unc=1}}
* {{l|ine-pro|*kh₂pyéti|*kh₂p-yé-ti|pos=ye-present}}<ref name="LIV"/><ref name="DV"/><ref name="Beekes"/><ref>{{R:sq:Orel|kap|page=169}}</ref><ref>{{R:sq:Demiraj|head=kap}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:EIEC|563}}</ref>
** {{desc|sqj-pro|*kapa|gloss=I grab, catch, grip}}<ref>{{R:sq:Orel|kap|page=169}}</ref><ref>{{R:sq:Demiraj|head=kap}}</ref>
** {{desc|grk-pro|*kṓpā}}<ref>{{R:grc:EDG|head=κώπη|pages=815-816}}</ref>
*** {{desc|sq|kap|gloss=I grab, catch, grip}}
*** {{desc|grc|κώπη|t=grip, handle}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*kh₂p-(e)h₁-yé-|pos=post-Indo-European innovated stative}}<ref name="LIV"/><ref>{{R:Ringe 2006|page=164}}</ref>
** {{desc|gem-pro|*habjaną|gloss=to have}}
⚫
* {{l|ine-pro|*kh₂ptós|*kh₂p-tós|seized}}
* {{l|ine-pro||*kh₂p-nós}}, {{l|ine-pro||*kh₂p-néh₂}}<ref name="Philippa">{{R:nl:Philippa EWN 2009|haven}}</ref> or {{l|ine-pro||*kh₂p-ó-neh₂}}<ref name="Kroonen">{{R:gem:Kroonen 2013|pages=196-197}}</ref>
⚫
** {{desc|cel-pro|*kawnos}}
⚫
*** {{desc|sga|cúan}}
⚫
**** {{desc|ga|cuan}}
⚫
**** {{desc|gd|cuan}}
⚫
** {{desc|gem-pro|*habnō}}<ref name="Philippa"/> or {{l|gem-pro|*habanō}}<ref name="Kroonen"/>
⚫
* {{l|ine-pro||*kóh₂p-eh₂}}<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|head=κώπη|pages=815-816}}</ref>
⚫
** {{desc|grk-pro|*kṓpā}}
⚫
*** {{desc|grc|κώπη}}
** Dimili-Zazaki: Kop (handle, holder)
* Unsorted formations:
** {{qual|perhaps}} Armenian:<ref>{{R:xcl:HSB|խափ}}</ref>
*** {{desc|xcl|խափ}}, {{l|xcl|խափանեմ}} {{qualifier|possibly}}
** Balto-Slavic:
⚫
*** Slavic: {{l|sla-pro|*xapati}} {{see desc}}
** Italic:
⚫
*** {{desc|la|capsa}}


===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />

Revision as of 05:02, 28 October 2019

 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

Etymology

Possibly of substrate origin, as evidenced by the a-grade[3], or perhaps onomatopoeic, compare *gʰabʰ- (“to seize”)[4].

Root

*kap-[5][6][7]

  1. to seize, hold

Derived terms

  • *kap-yé-ti (“to be seized, held”, ye-present)[1] (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-eh₂[8]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kápā
  • *kap-nó-s (“harbour”)[7]
    • Proto-Celtic: *kawnos[7]
      • Old Irish: cúan (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *habnō (< *kapn-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
  • *káp-ōl ~ *kap-én-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kapā́las (“head, skull; bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *henþō[10] (< *kpen-téh₂?)
      • Old English: hion (“skull”)
      • North Frisian: hann (“lobe of the brain”)
  • *káp-wl̥ ~ *kap-wén-s (“head”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *habulô (“head”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Celtic: *kʷennom (“head”) (< *kpwen-nó-m?) (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₂p-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 344–345
  2. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 79
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The template Template:R:Schrijver:1997 does not use the parameter(s): 
    1=293-297
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Schrijver, Peter (1997) “Animal, vegetable and mineral: some Western European substratum words”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy‎[1], Amsterdam/Atlanta, pages 293–316
  4. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*ĝʰeHb-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 195
  5. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kap-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 527-529
  6. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*kap-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάπτω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 640
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*habanō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196-197
  10. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xenþō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “caput, -itis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  12. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kap-ut”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 529-530
  13. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 100-101
  14. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 270
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ha(u)beda- ~ *ha(u)buda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215
  16. ^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Haupt”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
  17. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κήπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 688
  18. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κώπη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 815-816
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