Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wedʰ-

1. to bind, to secure
2. to pledge, to guarantee
3. to lead

Derived terms

• *wedʰ- (root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
    • Latvian: vest
    • Lithuanian: vèsti
    • Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
    • Old Irish: feidid
    • Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Old High German: wetan

• *wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
    • Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)
      • → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

• *wédʰ-tis
  • Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

• *swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
    • Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
      • → Middle Persian: (/⁠xwēdōdah⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)

        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)

        • Classical Persian: خویدوده (xweydōdah)

• *wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
      • Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
      • Central Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)
      • Northeastern Iranian:
        • Sogdo-Bactrian:
          • Khwarezmian: ود (wd /⁠wud⁠/), وذ (wδ /⁠waδ, wuδ⁠/)
          • Proto-Sogdic:
            • Sogdian: (/⁠waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)⁠/, “wife”)

              Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)

              Sogdian script: [script needed] (wδ),

              Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)

      • Northwestern Iranian:
        • Kurdish:

          Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)

          Laki: بەوی‎ (bewî‎)

          Northern Kurdish: bûk

          Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)

      • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        • Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)
          • Harzani: ویی (viyi)
          • Karingani: وی (vay)
        • Talysh: (/⁠vayo⁠/)

          Arabic script: ویو

          Latin script: vəyo

        • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
          • Gurani: وەیوە‎ (waywa)
          • Zazaki: veyve
      • Southwestern Iranian:
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠wayōg⁠/)

          Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)

          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')

          • Classical Persian: بیوگ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو (bayō)

            Dari: بیوگ (bayōg)

            Iranian Persian: بیوگ (biyūg)

          • Lurish:

            Bakhtiari: بیو (bayū)

            Northern Luri: بیی (bayi)

• *wódʰ-s
  • Proto-Italic: *woss
    • Latin: vas (“surety”)

• *wodʰ-yom
  • Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

• Other formations:
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
  • Celtic:
    • Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
    • Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
    • Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)