Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wedʰ-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to lead
to bind, to secure
to pledge, to guarantee

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wedʰ- (32 c, 0 e)

*wédʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]
- >? Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գերեմ (gerem)^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
  - Latvian: vest
  - Lithuanian: vèsti (1sg.: vedù)
  - Proto-Slavic: *vestì (1sg.: *vedǫ) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
  - Old Irish: feidid
  - Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)
- Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Old High German: wetan

*wḗdʰ-s-t ~ *wédʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *věsъ (1sg.aor.)
    - Old Church Slavonic: вѣсъ (věsŭ)

*wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)^[1]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - ⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (u-watemi)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieⁱti)
    - → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)

*wódʰ-s^[3]
- Proto-Italic: *woss
  - Latin: vas (“bail”) (see there for further descendants)

*wodʰ-yom
- Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)

*wédʰ-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)

*swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
  - Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
    - → Middle Persian: (/⁠xwēdōdah⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)
      - Classical Persian: خویدوده (xweydōdah)

*wedʰ-úH-s (“bride”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
    - Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Sogdo-Bactrian:
        Khwarezmian: ود (wd /⁠wud⁠/), وذ (wδ /⁠waδ, wuδ⁠/)
        
        Proto-Sogdic:
        Sogdian: (/⁠waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)⁠/, “wife”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)
        
        Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼹 (wδ),
        
        Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Caspian:
        Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)
        
        Laki: بەوی (bewî)
        
        Northern Kurdish: bûk
        
        Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)
    - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      - Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)
        Harzani: ویی (viyi)
        
        Karingani: وی (vay)
      - Talysh: (/⁠vayo⁠/)
        Arabic script: ویو
        
        Latin script: vəyo
      - Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)
        
        Zazaki: veyve
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠wayōg⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)
        
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')
        
        Classical Persian: بیوگ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو (bayô)
        Dari: بیوگ (bayōg)
        
        Iranian Persian: بیوگ (biyūg)
        
        Lurish:
        Bakhtiari: بیو (bayū)
        
        Northern Luri: بیی (bayi)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
Celtic:
- Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
- Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
- Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 659
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wedan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 577
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vas, vadis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 655
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2025), Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2]

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

References

Further reading