शिव

See also: श्वा and शव

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शिव (śiva).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃɪʋ/
• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃɪ.ʋɑː/, [ʃɪ.ʋäː]

Proper noun

शिव • (śiv) m

1. (Hinduism) Shiva (the destroying and reproducing deity, third god of the Hindu trinity)

Declension

Declension of शिव (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	शिव śiv
oblique	शिव śiv
vocative	शिव śiv

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Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• শিৱ (Assamese script)
• ᬰᬶᬯ (Balinese script)
• শিব (Bengali script)
• 𑰫𑰰𑰪 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀰𑀺𑀯 (Brahmi script)
• ၐိဝ (Burmese script)
• શિવ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ਼ਿਵ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌶𑌿𑌵 (Grantha script)
• ꦯꦶꦮ (Javanese script)
• 𑂬𑂱𑂫 (Kaithi script)
• ಶಿವ (Kannada script)
• ឝិវ (Khmer script)
• ຨິວ (Lao script)
• ശിവ (Malayalam script)
• ᡧᡳᠸᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘫𑘱𑘪 (Modi script)
• ᠱᠢᠸᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧋𑧒𑧊 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐱𑐶𑐰 (Newa script)
• ଶିଵ (Odia script)
• ꢯꢶꢮ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆯𑆴𑆮 (Sharada script)
• 𑖫𑖰𑖪 (Siddham script)
• ශිව (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩿𑩑𑩾 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚧𑚮𑚦 (Takri script)
• ஶிவ (Tamil script)
• శివ (Telugu script)
• ศิว (Thai script)
• ཤི་ཝ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒬𑒱𑒫 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨮𑨁𑨭 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

According to the Uṇādi-sūtra i, 153, from verbal root शी (śī, “to lie down”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-. Alternatively from श्वि (śvi, “to swell”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-; compare शवस् (śavas, “strength, superiority”), सु-शिश्वि (su-śiśvi, “growing well”); cognate with Greek κύριος (kúrios, “lord”).

An earlier deity, रुद्र (rudra, “Rudra”), was often described with the adjective शिव (śivá, “auspicious”). शिव-रुद्र (śiva-rudra) was eventually shortened to शिव (śiva) in later Sanskrit, the name of the deity worshipped today.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕi.ʋɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɕi.ʋɐ/

Proper noun

शिव • (śivá) stem, m

1. (Hinduism) Shiva (the destroying and reproducing deity, third god of the Hindu trinity)
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 12.926.19:

     ततो हरो जटी स्थाणुर्देवोऽध्वरपतिः शिवः।
     जगाम शरणं देवो ब्रह्माणं परमेष्ठिनम॥

     tato haro jaṭī sthāṇurdevoʼdhvarapatiḥ śivaḥ.
     jagāma śaraṇaṃ devo brahmāṇaṃ parameṣṭhinama.

   Synonyms: रुद्र (rudra), काल (kāla), महेश्वर (maheśvara), महादेव (mahādeva), विश्वनाथन् (viśvanāthan)

2. a second Shiva; especially emancipated; a class of such Brahmans
3. (in the dual) Shiva and his wife
4. a male given name

Derived terms

• शिवबीज (śivabīja)
• शिवलिङ्ग (śivaliṅga, “phallic image of Shiva”)
• शिवा (śivā)
• शैव (śaiva, “Shaivism”)

 

Adjective

शिव • (śivá) stem

1. auspicious, favourable
   • c. 900 CE – 1500, Śivapuraṇam 4.42.13:

     अन्ये च ये समुत्पन्ना यथानुक्रमतो लयम् ॥
     यांति नैव तथा रुद्रः शिवे रुद्रो विलीयते ॥

     anye ca ye samutpannā yathānukramato layam.
     yāṃti naiva tathā rudraḥ śive rudro vilīyate.

   शिवम् ― śivám ― kindly, tenderly'

2. happy, fortunate

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव (śiva)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवः śivaḥ	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivau / śivā¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śivāḥ / śivāsaḥ¹
Vocative	शिव śiva	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivau / śivā¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śivāḥ / śivāsaḥ¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivam	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivau / śivā¹	शिवान् śivān
Instrumental	शिवेन śivena	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaiḥ / śivebhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivāya	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivāt	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivasya	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवानाम् śivānām
Locative	शिवे śive	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवेषु śiveṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of शिवा (śivā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवा śivā	शिवे śive	शिवाः śivāḥ
Vocative	शिवे śive	शिवे śive	शिवाः śivāḥ
Accusative	शिवाम् śivām	शिवे śive	शिवाः śivāḥ
Instrumental	शिवया / शिवा¹ śivayā / śivā¹	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवाभिः śivābhiḥ
Dative	शिवायै śivāyai	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवाभ्यः śivābhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवायाः / शिवायै² śivāyāḥ / śivāyai²	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवाभ्यः śivābhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवायाः / शिवायै² śivāyāḥ / śivāyai²	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवानाम् śivānām
Locative	शिवायाम् śivāyām	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवासु śivāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of शिव (śiva)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवम् śivam	शिवे śive	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivāni / śivā¹
Vocative	शिव śiva	शिवे śive	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivāni / śivā¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivam	शिवे śive	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivāni / śivā¹
Instrumental	शिवेन śivena	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaiḥ / śivebhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivāya	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivāt	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivasya	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवानाम् śivānām
Locative	शिवे śive	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवेषु śiveṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

शिव • (śivá) stem, m or n

1. m happiness, welfare
2. m liberation, final emancipation
3. n welfare, prosperity, bliss

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शिव (śiva)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवः śivaḥ	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivau / śivā¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śivāḥ / śivāsaḥ¹
Vocative	शिव śiva	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivau / śivā¹	शिवाः / शिवासः¹ śivāḥ / śivāsaḥ¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivam	शिवौ / शिवा¹ śivau / śivā¹	शिवान् śivān
Instrumental	शिवेन śivena	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaiḥ / śivebhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivāya	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivāt	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivasya	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवानाम् śivānām
Locative	शिवे śive	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवेषु śiveṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of शिव (śiva)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शिवम् śivam	शिवे śive	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivāni / śivā¹
Vocative	शिव śiva	शिवे śive	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivāni / śivā¹
Accusative	शिवम् śivam	शिवे śive	शिवानि / शिवा¹ śivāni / śivā¹
Instrumental	शिवेन śivena	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवैः / शिवेभिः¹ śivaiḥ / śivebhiḥ¹
Dative	शिवाय śivāya	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Ablative	शिवात् śivāt	शिवाभ्याम् śivābhyām	शिवेभ्यः śivebhyaḥ
Genitive	शिवस्य śivasya	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवानाम् śivānām
Locative	शिवे śive	शिवयोः śivayoḥ	शिवेषु śiveṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: শিৱ (xiw)
• Bengali: শিব (śibo)
• → Chinese: 濕婆／湿婆 (Shīpó)
• Marathi: शिव (śiv)
• Gujarati: શિવ (śiv)
• Hindi: शिव (śiv)
• → Javanese: Siwah
• Kannada: ಶಿವ (śiva)
• → Khmer: សិវៈ (sevaʼ), សូលី (soulii)
• Odia: ଶିବ (śiba)
• Pali: Siva
  • → Burmese: သိဝ (si.wa.)
  • → Thai: ศิวะ (sì-wá)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “शिव”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1074.