Appendix:Old English correlatives
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type | interrogative | indefinite | negative | collective | proximal demonstrative |
medial demonstrative |
distal demonstrative |
relative | indefinite relative |
identity | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic | hwā (“who? what? which?”) | hwā (“someone, somebody, something”), edwihte (“something, anything”), āwiht, āht |
nān (“no one, nothing; no, none”), nǣniġ, nānwiht |
ġehwā (“each, every”), ǣġhwā |
þes (“this”) | se (“that; the”) | ġeon (“that yonder; yon”) | þe (“which, that”), se þe, se |
swā hwā swā (“whoever, whatever”) | ilca (“the same”), ġeilca, swilc (“the same as, such as”) |
ōðer (“other, another; second, next”) |
dual | hwæþer (“which of two?”) | ōþer (“either of two”), hwæþer |
nāhwæþer (“neither of two”), nāþer |
bēġen (“both”), ġehwæþer (“each of two”), ǣġhwæþer, ǣġþer |
swā hwæþer swā (“whichever of two”) | ||||||
quality | hwelċ (“what kind? which?”) | hwelċ (“of some kind”) | ġehwelċ (“each kind, every”) | swelċ (“such, this kind of”) | swelċ þe (“which kind; such as”) | ||||||
quantity | hū miċel (“how much?”), hū manig (“how many?”), hū fela |
hū miċel (“some amount”), hū manig, hū fela |
þus miċel (“this amount, this much”), þus swíþe, þus fela |
þus miċel þe (“which amount, such amount”) | |||||||
manner | hū (“how?”), hwȳ (“why?”) |
hū (“somehow”), hwȳ (“for some reason”) |
nealles (“not at all, by no means”), nātes hwon |
ǣninga (“by all means”), ānunga |
swā (“so, thus, this way, alike”), þus |
swā þe (“somehow, how, as; because”), þus þe |
swā hū swā (“however”) | eallswā (“likewise, in the same way”), ændemes, [Term?], ġelīċe, efne |
ælcra (“otherwise, in another way”), ōþerlīċe, elles | ||
place | hwǣr (“where?”) | hwǣr (“somewhere”) | nāhwǣr (“nowhere”) | ǣġhwǣr (“everywhere”), ġewelhwǣr |
hēr (“here”) | þār (“there”) | ġeond (“over there; yonder”) | þār þe (“where”) | swā hwǣr swā (“wherever”) | ælcor (“elsewhere”) | |
source | hwanon (“from where? whence?”), behwon |
hwanon (“from somewhere; somewhence”) | nāhwanon (“nowhence”) | ġehwanon (“from all sides”), āhwanon (“from anywhere”) |
heonan (“from here; hence”) | þanon (“from there; thence”) | ġeondan (“from over there; thence”) | þanon þa (“from where”) | swā hwanon swā (“from wherever”) | ||
destination | hwider (“to where? whither?”) | hwider (“to somewhere; somewhither”) | nāhwider (“nowhither”) | hider (“to here; hither; to there”) | þider (“to there; thither”) | ġeonre (“to over there; yonder”), |
þider þa (“to where; whither; anywhere”) | swā hwider swā (“to wherever”) | |||
time | hwænne (“when?”) | hwænne (“sometimes”), āhwonne |
nǣfre (“never”), nāwa |
ǣfre (“always”), āwa, ealneġ, ealling, āforþ |
nū (“now, at this time”), nūna |
þā (“then, at that time”), þæt, ī sīþes |
þā þe (“when”) | swā hwænne swā (“whenever”) | tōsamne (“at the same time; simultaneously”) |